Inkululeko ngelinye lamagama anamandla kunawo wonke kunoma yiluphi ulimi. Iye yavusa izinguquko, yagqugquzela izinkondlo, yanika amadoda agwetshiwe amandla okubekezelela amajele amnyama kunawo wonke. ENingizimu Afrika, alikho igama elifaniswa kakhulu nokufuna inkululeko njengoNelson Rolihlahla Mandela — indoda eyachitha iminyaka engama-27 isejele yaphuma ingaphukile, kodwa iguqulekile, ukuhola isizwe siphume emithunzini yobandlululo.
Nokho kudala ngaphambi kokuba uMandela aphume eVictor Verster Prison, kudala ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe-ANC, kudala ngaphambi kokuba umkhumbi wokuqala wamakholoni ubhanse eCape of Good Hope — amaSulumane ayesemise kakade inkululeko njengelungelo elingcwele, elingephulwe, elifakwe enjongweni uqobo yokudalwa komuntu.
Lesi sihloko sihlola lokho kuxhumana: phakathi kokuqonda kwamaSulumane inkululeko nomzabalazo ongapheli wesithunzi sesintu uNelson Mandela aba ngumfanekiso wawo — umzabalazo onkenketha kakhulu emiphakathini yamaSulumane yaseNingizimu Afrika eseyenze leli zwe ikhaya layo ngaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu eminyaka.
1. Isisekelo SamaSulumane Senkululeko Yesintu
Indlela yamaSulumane kwinkululeko ayibolekiwe efilosofini ye-Enlightenment noma kuthiyori yezombusazwe yesimanje. Ivela emthonjeni omdala futhi ojulile kakhulu: ubudlelwane phakathi koMdali nomuntu amenza ngezandla zakhe waphefumulela kuye uMoya wakhe.
U-Allah ﷻ wahlonipha isintu ngaphezu kwakho konke okudaliwe:
"Futhi ngempela siyihloniphile inzalo ka-Adamu sayithwala emhlabeni nasolwandle sayinika izinto ezinhle sayikhetha ngaphezu kweningi lalokho esikudalile, ngokukhetha okuqondile."
(Surah Al-Isra' 17:70)
Lolu dumo — i-karamah — luyisisekelo senkululeko yamaSulumane. Lusho ukuthi akekho umuntu ongehliswa abe yithuluzi, impahla, noma into kamunye. Ukucindezelwa, ukugqilazwa kwengqondo, nokucindezelwa kwesithunzi sesintu akusona nje ukungabi nabulungiswa kwezombusazwe kumaSulumane — kuwukwephula kobungcwele okumelene nohlelo luka-Allah ﷻ.
Mhlawumbe isimemezelo esibabazekayo kakhulu senkululeko yesintu emlandweni wamaSulumane savela ku-'Umar ibn al-Khattab (رضي الله عنه), uKhalifa wesibili, owathi kwesinye sezitatimende ezidumile kakhulu emkhubeni:
"Kusukela nini nigqilaza abantu, kanti onina babazala bekhululekile?"
(Kubhekiswa ku-'Umar ibn al-Khattab رضي الله عنه — kuqoshwe ngu-Al-Hakim)
La mazwi, ashiwo eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi nane amakhulu edlule eGibhithe, abengashiwo eKapa, eGoli, eSoweto. Ankenketha ngokucasuka kobuziko obufanayo obashukumisa uMandela nesizukulwane sakhe — ukucasuka kwemiphefumulo ekhululekile eyehliswa yaba yizakhamuzi zezinga lesibili ngommemezelo wamadoda angenalo lelo gunya elivela kuNkulunkulu noma emvelweni.
2. Inkululeko Ekukhonzeni Noma Yini Ngaphandle Kuka-Allah
Umqondo weQuran wenkululeko awukhona nje ukungabikho kwamaketango. Kuwukukhululwa komphefumulo womuntu ekukhonzeni noma yini ngaphandle kuka-Allah ﷻ — ababusi abanonya, i-nafs (ubuyena), i-ideoloji, izinhlelo ezenzelwe ukwephula isithunzi somuntu.
"Akukho ukuphoqa enkolweni. Indlela eqondile isicacile yehlukene nendlela engalungile."
(Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256)
Leli vesi — elinye lamadumile kunawo wonke kuyo yonke iQuran — limisa ukuthi ukholo ngokwalo kufanele kukhethwe ngokukhululekile. Ayikho inqubo yezombusazwe, alikho ibandla, awukho umbuso onelungelo lokuphoqa unembeza womuntu. Lesi yisimiso obandlululo lwaseNingizimu Afrika olwasephula nsuku zonke: uhlelo olwaphoqa abaseNingizimu Afrika abamnyama ukuba baphile njengabezizwe ezweni labo, bengenazwi, bengenavoti, bengenasithunzi.
UMprofethi uMuhammad ﷺ wakusekela ngokuqhubekayo lokhu kuqonda inkululeko entshumayelweni yakhe yokuvalelisa — esinye sezimemezelo ezimangalisa kakhulu zamalungelo esintu emlandweni — lapho ememezela:
"Sonke isintu sivela ku-Adamu no-Eva. UmArabhu akanabukhulu phezu komuntu ongesona isiArabhu, futhi ongesona isiArabhu akanabukhulu phezu komArabhu; omhlophe akanabukhulu phezu komnyama, futhi omnyama akanabukhulu phezu komhlophe — ngaphandle kokwesaba uNkulunkulu nesenzo esihle."
(UMprofethi uMuhammad ﷺ — Intshumayelo Yokuvalelisa, Khutbat al-Wada', 632 CE)
Ezweni elakhelwe phezu kokuhleleka ngebala, eNingizimu Afrika eyayihlukaniswe ngomthetho webala, la mazwi kaMprofethi aphethe amandla wokuduma kwezulu. UMprofethi ﷺ wabhidliza ubukhosi bebala empandeni yabo, eminyakeni engu-1,300 ngaphambi kokuba ubandlululo lumiswe ngokomthetho.
3. Umzabalazo KaMandela Ubukwa Ngeso LamaSulumane
UNelson Mandela wayengelona iSulumane. Kodwa izimiso ezashukumisa umsebenzi wempilo yakhe — isithunzi, ubulungiswa, ukwala ukwamukela ukucindezelwa njengokungenakugwenywa — yizimiso noma yiliphi iSulumane elifunda iQuran neSunnah elizowabona ngokushesha.
"Ngilwe nokubusa kwabamhlophe, futhi ngilwe nokubusa kwabamnyama. Ngithande umbono womphakathi wentando yeningi nokhululekile lapho bonke abantu beyophila ndawonye ngokuvumelana nangamathuba alinganayo. Kuwumbono engithemba ukuphilela nokuwubona ufezeka. Kodwa, Nkosi yami, uma kudingeka, kuwumbono engizimisele ukuwufela."
(Nelson Mandela — Isitatimende esuka edokodweni, iRivonia Trial, 20 Ephreli 1964)
Lokhu kuzimisela ukunikela ngakho konke ngenxa yobulungiswa akungeyona into engaziwa emkhubeni wamaSulumane. IQuran iyala amakholwa ukuba eme ngokuqina ngenxa yobulungiswa ngisho nawo uqobo:
"O nina enikholiwe, yimani ngokuqhubekayo ngokuqina ebulungisweni, ofakazi baka-Allah, ngisho noma kumelene nani uqobo noma abazali nezihlobo."
(Surah An-Nisa' 4:135)
Iminyaka engama-27 kaMandela eRobben Island ifanisa iqiniso leQuran lokuthi indlela yobulungiswa ngokuvamile idinga umhlatshelo onesineke. U-Allah ﷻ usikhumbuza ukuthi amakholwa akufanele aphele amandla phambi kwegunya elicindezelayo:
"Ngakho ningabuthakathaka futhi ningadabuki, niyoba ngaphezulu uma ningamakholwa eqiniso."
(Surah Aal 'Imran 3:139)
Ukuzola kukaMandela, ukwala kwakhe ukuba abe nenzondo, ikhono lakhe lokuthethelela — yilokho amaSulumane akubiza nge-sabr (isineke) ne-'adl (ubulungiswa) ekuvezweni kwabo okunamandla kakhulu kwesintu. Lapho ephuma ejele ngomhla we-11 Februwari 1990, emude engaphukile, umhlaba wabona ukuthi kubukeka kanjani lapho umuntu enqaba ukuvumela umcindezeli ukuba amchaze.
"Njengoba ngangihamba ngiphuma emnyango ngiya esangweni elaliyongiholela enkululekweni, ngazi ukuthi uma ngingashiyi ubukhulu nenzondo yami ngemuva, ngangizoba ngisesejele."
(Nelson Mandela)
UMprofethi ﷺ wafundisa inkululeko efanayo ejele lenzondo. Lowo othethelelayo, okhulula umthwalo wokuziphindiselela esifubeni sakhe, nguye okhululekile ngempela. Lokhu kuwukuhlangana phakathi kobungcwele bamaSulumane nobuhlakani bokuziphatha bukaMandela — imifudlana emibili efinyelela eqinisweni elifanayo ngomphefumulo womuntu.
4. AmaSulumane AmaCape Malay: AmaSulumane Nenkululeko ENingizimu Afrika
Umphakathi wamaSulumane waseNingizimu Afrika — ikakhulukazi amaSulumane amaCape Malay, inzalo yabadingiswa bezombusazwe, izazi, nabantu ababegqilaziwe ababelethwa bevela eMpumalanga — babephakathi kwabokuqala ukuqonda ukuhlangana kwezimiso zamaSulumane nomzabalazo wenkululeko kuleli zwe.
USheikh Yusuf waseMacassar, owadingiselwa eCape ngo-1694, uthathwa njengoyise wamaSulumane eNingizimu Afrika. Wafika nomkhuba owawenqaba ukufanisa ukucindezelwa nesabelo. Isenzo uqobo sokulondoloza ubunikazi bamaSulumane ngaphansi kokubusa kwamakholoni — ama-madrasa, ama-masjid, imibhalo yesiArabhu — sasiyisenzo sokumelana, senkululeko eqiniswa ezindaweni kuphela umcindezeli ayengeke azilawule ngokugcwele.
UMprofethi ﷺ wakhumbuza amakholwa ukuthi umphakathi nobumbano ngokwabo kuyizinhlobo zenkululeko:
"Amakholwa ngomusa wawo, isihawu, nozwelo lwawo afana nomzimba owodwa. Lapho esinye sezitho sigula, wonke umzimba uyasabela ngokuvuka nangomkhuhlane."
(UMprofethi uMuhammad ﷺ — Sahih al-Bukhari & Sahih Muslim)
Yingakho amaSulumane aseNingizimu Afrika engakwazanga ukuthula ngaphansi kobandlululo. Umzimba woMmah wawusebuhlungwini. Ukuhlupheka kwabantu abodwa kuwukuhlupheka kwabo bonke. Inkululeko, kumaSulumane, akuyona neze indaba yomuntu ngamunye kuphela.
5. Inkululeko: Umthwalo, Hhayi Nje Ilungelo
Ukuqonda kwamaSulumane inkululeko kuphethe nesisindo ifilosofi yenkululeko yesimanje ngezinye izikhathi engasinaki: inkululeko ayehlukaniseki nokuziphendulela. IQuran ayikaze iveze inkululeko njengelungelo lokwenza noma yini umuntu ayifisayo — iyiveza njengekhono lokukhetha kahle, nomthwalo oza nalokho kukhetha.
"Ngempela, sanikela isethembiso emazulwini nasemhlabeni nasezintabeni, kwenqaba ukusithwala kwasesaba; kodwa umuntu wazibophezela ukusithwala. Ngempela, wayengenabulungiswa futhi engazi."
(Surah Al-Ahzab 33:72)
I-amanah — isethembiso — ngumthwalo wentando ekhululekile ngokwayo. U-Allah ﷻ wanika abantu inkululeko khona kanye ngoba babeyophendula ngendlela abayisebenzisa ngayo. Yilokho okunika inkululeko isisindo nesithunzi sayo. Yingakho futhi uMandela, ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe, akhetha ukubuyisana esikhundleni sokuziphindiselela — waqonda ukuthi inkululeko esetshenziswelwa ukubhubhisa akuyona inkululeko; kunguketuko nje lomcindezeli.
"Ngoba ukukhululeka akukhona nje ukulahla amaketango omuntu, kodwa ukuphila ngendlela ehlonipha futhi ethuthukisa inkululeko yabanye."
(Nelson Mandela — Long Walk to Freedom)
Lokhu kuqonda kungokwamaSulumane ngokujulile. UMprofethi ﷺ wachaza iSulumane njengalelo elithi ulimi nesandla salo abantu abanye baphephile kukho. Inkululeko yeqiniso, kombono kaMandela nowamaSulumane, idala ukuphepha — hhayi ukubusa — kwabanye.
Isiphetho: Iqiniso Elilodwa, Amazwi Amaningi
Inkululeko, njengoba amaSulumane ekufundisa, akuyona into yangaseNtshonalanga noma ukutholakala kwesimanje. Yelukwe endwangwini yokudalwa komuntu — i-fitra, imvelo umphefumulo ngamunye ofika nayo kuleli zwe. Yiyona mbangela esanikwa ngayo ingqondo, inkulumo, nekhono lokukhetha phakathi kokuhle nokubi.
UNelson Mandela, owabunjwa inhlabathi ebomvu yaseTranskei nendawo yokuziphatha yobuntu base-Afrika, wafinyelela kumaningi alawo maqiniso ngendlela ehlukile. Uhambo lwakhe olude oluya enkululekweni lwalungukuhamba, ngokwamazwi amaSulumane, komphefumulo ophikelela odumeni u-Allah ﷻ ase ekade alubhalile emvelweni yesintu.
ENingizimu Afrika — lapho isimemo somthandazo sinkenketha sisuka eBo-Kaap phezu kweKapa, lapho abathengisi abangamaSulumane basiza ekwakheni umgogodla wezohwebo waseGoli, lapho izizukulwane zezazi zamaSulumane zafundisa emalokishini nasemizini — umbono wamaSulumane wenkululeko awusona isiqephu nje. Uyifa eliphilayo. Kungumsebenzi wawo wonke amaSulumane kuleli zwe ukuliqhubekisela phambili: hhayi nje njengemfundiso, kodwa njengesenzo, njengenkonzo, njengokwala okuqhubekayo ukwamukela ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu mncane kunalokho u-Allah ﷻ amdale kwaba yikho.
"Noma ngubani osindisa impilo eyodwa, kunjengokungathi usindise sonke isintu."
(Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:32)
Ibhalelwe imiphakathi yamaSulumane yaseNingizimu Afrika — ngomoya weQuran, iSunnah, nefa elihlalayo likaMadiba.
Amandla. Awethu. — "Amandla. Kubantu."