Inkululeko lelinye lawona magama anamandla kulo naluphi na ulwimi. Iwuvuselele uvukelo, yakhuthaza imibongo, yaza yanika amadoda agwetyiweyo amandla okunyamezela ezona ntolongo zimnyama. EMzantsi Afrika, akukho gama lifana ngokupheleleyo nokufuna inkululeko njengelikaNelson Rolihlahla Mandela — indoda eyachitha iminyaka engama-27 esentolongweni yaza yaphuma ingaphukanga, koko iguqukile, ukukhokela isizwe siphume emithunzini yocalucalulo.
Kanti kudala phambi kokuba uMandela aphume kwiNtolongo iVictor Verster, kudala phambi kokuba iANC yasekwa, kudala phambi kokuba inqanawa yokuqala yabaphuli-lizwe yakhwelela eKapa yeThemba Elihle — i-Islam yayisele imisele inkululeko njengelungelo elingcwele, elingenakophulwa, elizinze kwinjongo yokudalwa komntu.
Eli nqaku liphonononga olo nxulumano: phakathi kokuqonda kwamaSilamsi inkululeko nomzabalazo ongapheliyo wesidima somntu owathi uNelson Mandela wawumela — umzabalazo ovakala nzulu koluntu lwamaSilamsi laseMzantsi Afrika olubize eli lizwe likhaya ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezintathu.
1. Isiseko SamaSilamsi Senkululeko Yomntu
Indlela ye-Islam kwinkululeko ayibolekwanga kwifilosofi yoKukhanya okanye kwithiyori yezopolitiko yanamhlanje. Iphuma kumthombo omdala kunye onzulu ngakumbi: ubudlelwane phakathi koMdali nomntu awamenza ngezandla zaKhe waza waphefumlela kuye uMoya waKhe.
UAllah ﷻ wahlonipha uluntu ngaphezu kwazo zonke izidalwa:
"Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo sibahlonile abantwana baka-Adam saza sabathwala emhlabeni naselwandle saza sabanika izinto ezilungileyo saza sabakhetha ngaphezu kwezinto ezininzi esizidalileyo, ngokukhetha okuqinisekileyo."
(Surah Al-Isra' 17:70)
Le mbeko — karamah — sisiseko senkululeko yamaSilamsi. Ithetha ukuba akukho mntu unokwehliswa abe sisixhobo, impahla yokuthengiswa, okanye impahla yomnye. Ingcinezelo, ukukhotyokiswa kwengqondo, nokutyhafiswa kwesidima somntu azizizo nje intswela-bulungisa yezopolitiko kwi-Islam — zizaphulo-mthetho zenkolo ngokuchasene nolawulo luka-Allah ﷻ.
Mhlawumbi esona sivakaliso simangalisayo senkululeko yomntu kwimbali yamaSilamsi savela ku-'Umar ibn al-Khattab (رضي الله عنه), uKhalifa wesibini, owathi kwesinye sezona ntetho zibalaseleyo kwisithethe:
"Nakanini na nabakhotyokisa abantu, ngoxa oonina babazala bekhululekile?"
(Kubalelwa ku-'Umar ibn al-Khattab رضي الله عنه — kubhalwe nguAl-Hakim)
La mazwi, athethwa kwiinkulungwane ezingaphezu kweshumi elinesine ezidlulileyo eYiputa, ayenokuthethwa eKapa, eRhawutini, eSoweto. Avakalisa umsindo omnye wokuziphatha owaqhuba uMandela nesizukulwana sakhe — umsindo wemiphefumlo ekhululekileyo eyehliswa yaba ngabemi bodidi lwesibini ngommiselo wabantu ababengenagunya elinjalo elivela kuThixo okanye kwindalo.
2. Inkululeko Ekukhonzeni Nantoni Na Ngaphandle Kuka-Allah
Umbono weQuran wenkululeko awukuko nje ukungabikho kwamakhamandela. Kukukhululwa komphefumlo womntu ekukhonzeni nantoni na engenguye uAllah ﷻ — kubalawuli abazwilakhe, kwi-nafs (ikratshi), kwiingcamango, kwiinkqubo ezenzelwe ukwenza umntu angabi mntu.
"Akuyi kubakho nyanzelo enkolweni. Indlela elungileyo icacile kweyona ingalunganga."
(Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256)
Le vesi — enye yezona zibalaseleyo kuyo yonke iQuran — imisela ukuba ukholo ngokwalo kufuneka lukhethwe ngokukhululekileyo. Akukho nkqubo yezopolitiko, akukho cawe, akukho rhulumente onelungelo lokunyanzela isazela somntu. Lo ngumgaqo owawuphulwa yiMzantsi Afrika yocalucalulo yonke imihla: inkqubo eyanyanzela abantu abaMnyama baseMzantsi Afrika ukuba baphile njengabasemzini kwilizwe labo, bengenazwi, bengenavoti, bengenasidima.
UMprofeti uMuhammad ﷺ wongeza wazinzisa oku kuqonda inkululeko kwintshumayelo yakhe yokuvalelisa — enye yezona zivakaliso zamalungelo omntu zimangalisayo embalini — xa wavakalisa:
"Bonke abantu bavela ku-Adam noEva. UmArabhu akanabungakumbi ngaphezu kongengomArabhu, kwaye ongengomArabhu akanabungakumbi ngaphezu komArabhu; omhlophe akanabungakumbi ngaphezu komnyama, kwaye omnyama akanabungakumbi ngaphezu komhlophe — ngaphandle ngokuhlonela uThixo nesenzo esilungileyo."
(UMprofeti uMuhammad ﷺ — Intshumayelo Yokuvalelisa, Khutbat al-Wada', 632 CE)
Kwihlabathi elakhelwe phezu kobukhulu bobuhlanga, kwiMzantsi Afrika eyahlulwe ngumthetho wobuhlanga, la mazwi omprofeti aphethe amandla awela izulu. UMprofeti ﷺ wachitha ukongamela kobuhlanga engcanjini yako, iminyaka eyi-1,300 phambi kokuba ucalucalulo lubhalwe ngokusesikweni.
3. Umzabalazo KaMandela Ngeliso LamaSilamsi
UNelson Mandela wayengelomSilamsi. Kodwa izixabiso ezaqhuba umsebenzi wobomi bakhe — isidima, ubulungisa, ukwala ukwamkela ingcinezelo njengento engenakuphetywa — zizixabiso naliphi na iSilamsi elifunda iQuran neSunnah eliya kuzibona ngoko nangoko.
"Ndilwe ngokuchasene nolawulo lwabamhlophe, kwaye ndilwe ngokuchasene nolawulo lwabamnyama. Ndilifezile iphupha loluntu olulawulwa ngabantu nolukhululekileyo apho bonke abantu baya kuphila kunye ngoxolo nangamathuba alinganayo. Liphupha endinethemba lokuphila ndilibone lifezekiswa. Kodwa, Nkosi yam, ukuba kuyafuneka, liphupha endikulungeleyo ukufela lona."
(Nelson Mandela — Intetho esesikhundleni sokugwetywa, uMatyala waseRivonia, 20 Aprili 1964)
Le nkululelo yokunikela yonke into ngenxa yobulungisa ayingeni kwisithethe samaSilamsi. IQuran iyalela amakholwa ukuba eme aqinile ebulungiseni nokuba kuchasene nabo ngokwabo:
"Owu nina bakholelweyo, yibani ngabo bema ngokuqinileyo ngamaxesha onke ebulungiseni, ningamangqina ka-Allah, nokuba kuchasene nani ngokwenu okanye abazali neentsapho."
(Surah An-Nisa' 4:135)
Iminyaka engama-27 kaMandela kwiSiqithi saseRobben ihambelana nenyaniso yeQuran yokuba indlela yobulungisa ihlala ifuna idini lomonde. UAllah ﷻ usikhumbuza ukuba amakholwa akufuneki atyhafe phambi kwamandla acinezelayo:
"Ngoko musani ukutyhafa kwaye musani ukuba lusizi, kwaye niya kuba ngabaphakamileyo ukuba ningamakholwa okwenene."
(Surah Aal 'Imran 3:139)
Ukuzola kukaMandela, ukwala kwakhe ukukrakra, ubuchule bakhe bokuxolela — le nto amaSilamsi ayibiza sabr (umonde) ne-'adl (ubulungisa) kwimbonakalo yayo yomntu enamandla ngakumbi. Xa waphuma entolongweni ngomhla we-11 kaFebruwari 1990, emde engaphukanga, ihlabathi labona ukuba kunjani xa umntu esala ukuvumela umcinezeli amchaze.
"Njengoko ndandiphuma emnyango ndisiya esangweni elaliza kundikhokelela enkululekweni yam, ndandisazi ukuba ukuba andiyishiyi ngasemva inzondo nokukrakra kwam, ndandiseza kuba sentolongweni."
(Nelson Mandela)
UMprofeti ﷺ wafundisa inkululelo enye kwintolongo yenzondo. Lowo uxolelayo, okhulula umthwalo wempindezelo esifubeni sakhe, nguye okhululekileyo ngokwenene. Olu ludibaniso phakathi kobomi bokomoya bamaSilamsi nobuchule bokuziphatha bukaMandela — imisinga emibini efika kwinyaniso enye ngomphefumlo womntu.
4. AmaSilamsi aseKapa: I-Islam Nenkululeko eMzantsi Afrika
Uluntu lwamaSilamsi laseMzantsi Afrika — ngokukodwa amaSilamsi aseKapa (Cape Malay), inzala yabagxothelwa kwezopolitiko, izifundiswa, nabantu abakhotyokiswayo ababethathwa eMpuma — laphakathi kokuqala ukuqonda ukudibana kwezixabiso zamaSilamsi nomzabalazo wenkululeko kweli lizwe.
USheikh Yusuf waseMacassar, owagxothelwa eKapa ngo-1694, uthathwa njengoyise we-Islam eMzantsi Afrika. Weza nesithethe esasala ukulinganisa ingcinezelo nesiphelo. Isenzo sokugcina isazisi samaSilamsi phantsi kolawulo lwabaphuli-lizwe — iimadrasa, iimasjid, imibhalo yesiArabhu — sasisisenzo sokuxhathisa, senkululeko eyayigxininiswa kuphela kwiindawo umcinezeli awayengenako ukuzilawula ngokupheleleyo.
UMprofeti ﷺ wakhumbuza amakholwa ukuba ubudlelwane nomanyano ngokwabo ziindlela zenkululeko:
"Amakholwa kububele bawo, imfesane, novelwano zifana nomzimba omnye. Xa ilungu elinye lisiva ubuhlungu, umzimba wonke uphendula kuwo ngokuvuka nangefiva."
(UMprofeti uMuhammad ﷺ — Sahih al-Bukhari & Sahih Muslim)
Kungoko amaSilamsi aseMzantsi Afrika angakwazanga ukuthula phantsi kocalucalulo. Umzimba we-Ummah wawusebuhlungwini. Ukubandezeleka kwabantu abanye kukubandezeleka kwabo bonke. Inkululeko, kwi-Islam, ayisosenzo sobuqu kuphela.
5. Inkululeko: Uxanduva, Kungekhona Ilungelo Nje Kuphela
Ukuqonda kwe-Islam inkululeko kuphethe ubunzima ifilosofi yanamhlanje ekhululekileyo ngamanye amaxesha ekungakhathaleliyo: inkululeko ayahlukaniswa nokuphendula. IQuran ayize ibonise inkululeko njengelungelo lokwenza nantoni na oyithandayo — iyibonisa njengokwazi ukukhetha ngokulungileyo, noxanduva oluza naloo nketho.
"Inene, sanikela ityala emazulwini nasemhlabeni nasezintabeni, zaza zala ukulithwala zaza zaloyika; kodwa umntu wathabatha ukulithwala. Inene, wayengenabulungisa engazi."
(Surah Al-Ahzab 33:72)
I-amanah — ityala — ngumthwalo wentando ekhululekileyo ngokwayo. UAllah ﷻ wanika abantu inkululeko kanye ngenxa yokuba babeya kuphendula ngendlela abayisebenzisa ngayo. Yile nto inika inkululeko ubunzima nesidima sayo. Yile nto ikwathi uMandela, emva kokukhululwa kwakhe, wakhetha uxolelwano endaweni yempindezelo — waqonda ukuba inkululeko esetyenziselwa intshabalalo ayisiyiyo inkululeko; kutshintsho nje lomcinezeli.
"Kuba ukukhululeka akukuko nje ukulahla amakhamandela omntu, kodwa kukuphila ngendlela ehlonela nephucula inkululeko yabanye."
(Nelson Mandela — Long Walk to Freedom)
Le ngqiqo yeyamaSilamsi ngokunzulu. UMprofeti ﷺ wachaza umSilamsi njengalowo abantu bakhuselekile kulwimi nakwisandla sakhe. Inkululeko yokwenene, kuwo omabini umbono kaMandela nowamaSilamsi, idala ukhuseleko — kungekhona ukongamela — kwabanye.
Isiphelo: Inyaniso Enye, Amazwi Amaninzi
Inkululeko, njengoko i-Islam iyifundisa, ayilotyiswa lwaseNtshona okanye ufumaniso lwanamhlanje. Yalukiwe kwilaphu lokudalwa komntu — i-fitra, imvelo yendalo umphefumlo ngamnye ofika nayo kweli hlabathi. Sisizathu esasinikwa ngaso ingqiqo, intetho, nokwazi ukukhetha phakathi kokulungileyo nokungalunganga.
UNelson Mandela, owenziwa ngumhlaba obomvu waseTranskei nendalo yokuziphatha yobuntu base-Afrika, wafikelela kwiinyaniso ezininzi ezifanayo ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Uhambo lwakhe olude olusinga enkululekweni lwaluluhambo, ngokwamaSilamsi, lomphefumlo ogxininisa imbeko uAllah ﷻ awayeyibhale kudala kwindalo yomntu.
EMzantsi Afrika — apho isimemo somthandazo sivakala sisuka eBo-Kaap phezu kweKapa, apho abarhwebi bamaSilamsi banceda ukwakha umqolo worhwebo waseRhawutini, apho izizukulwana zezifundiswa zamaSilamsi zafundisa ezilokishini nasezilalini — umbono wamaSilamsi wenkululeko awuyonto engabambekiyo. Lilifa eliphilayo. Ngumsebenzi wawo onke amaSilamsi kweli lizwe ukuluqhubela phambili: kungekhona njengenkolo kuphela, kodwa njengesenzo, njengenkonzo, njengokwala okungapheliyo ukwamkela ukuba nawuphi na umntu ungaphantsi koko uAllah ﷻ amdalele ukuba abe yiko.
"Nabani na osindisa ubomi obunye, kunjengokungathi usindise abantu bonke."
(Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:32)
Ibhalelwe uluntu lwamaSilamsi laseMzantsi Afrika — ngomoya weQuran, iSunnah, nelifa elihlala lihleli likaMadiba.
Amandla. Awethu.