Njengoba ilanga lishona ngosuku lokugcina lukaDhul Hijjah, umhlaba wamaSilamu uphendula ikhasi uye onyakeni omusha. Inyanga yokuqala yalowo nyaka nguMuharram — inyanga u-Allah ngokwakhe ayihloniphile, eyibiza ngokuthi "iNyanga Engcwele ka-Allah." Yisikhathi sokuzindla, sokwenziwa kabusha, nokunye kokuzila okuthandeka kakhulu kuyo yonke ikhalenda. Kumkholwa ofuna ukuqala unyaka kahle, uMuharram uyisipho okungafanele siphuthelwe.
UMuharram: Enye Yezinyanga Ezine Ezingcwele
U-Allah, oPhakeme Kakhulu, umemezela eNcwadini yakhe:
"Ngempela, inani lezinyanga ku-Allah lingu-12 [lwenyanga] embhalweni ka-Allah [kusukela] ngosuku adala ngalo amazulu nomhlaba; kuzo, ezine zingcwele. Lokho yinkolo eqotho, ngakho ningazoni imiphefumulo yenu phakathi kwazo."
(Surah At-Tawbah, 9:36)
UMprofethi ﷺ waziqamba lezi zinyanga ezine ezingcwele:
"Unyaka uyizinyanga eziyishumi nambili, ezine zazo zingcwele: ezintathu zilandelana — uDhul Qa'dah, uDhul Hijjah, noMuharram — noRajab, omi phakathi kukaJumada noSha'ban."
(Sahih al-Bukhari 3197 · Sahih Muslim 1679)
Phakathi kwalezi zinyanga, kokubili izenzo ezinhle nezono zinesisindo esikhulu. U-Ibn Kathir (u-Allah makamhawukele) waphawula ukuthi ukona ezinyangeni ezingcwele kunzima kakhulu, kanti izenzo zokulalela — umthandazo, ukuzila, isadaka, nokukhumbula u-Allah — zikhipha umvuzo omkhulu kakhulu. UMuharram, ovula unyaka, usimema ukuthi siqale nge-taqwa nangenhloso.
"INyanga ka-Allah"
Kuzo zonke izinyanga, uMuharram uphethe udumo oluyingqayizivele — uMprofethi ﷺ wawunikela ngqo ku-Allah:
"Ukuzila okungcono kakhulu ngemva kwenyanga kaRamadan yinyanga ka-Allah uMuharram."
(Sahih Muslim 1163)
Izazi ziyaqaphela ukuthi ayikho enye inyanga eyanikezwa lesi sihloko — Shahrullah, "inyanga ka-Allah." Lokhu kunikelwa kuyiluphawu lwesikhundla sayo esiphakeme, futhi yingakho ukuzila ngokuzithandela kuMuharram kungukuzila okuhle kakhulu ngaphandle kukaRamadan.
USuku lwe-Ashura — owe-10 kuMuharram
Umqhele kaMuharram nguSuku lwe-Ashura, usuku lweshumi lwenyanga. Ukuzila kwalo kungokunye kokuvuza kakhulu umkholwa angakunikela kuwo wonke unyaka.
Lapho uMprofethi ﷺ efika eMadinah, wathola amaJuda ezila nge-Ashura. Wawabuza ukuthi kungani, aphendula ngokuthi kwakuwusuku u-Allah asindisa ngalo uMusa nabaNtwana bakwa-Israyeli kuFaro, ngakho uMusa wazila ngokubonga. UMprofethi ﷺ wathi:
"Thina sinelungelo elikhulu kuMusa kunani," wazila futhi wayala abantu ukuba bazile.
(Sahih al-Bukhari 2004 · Sahih Muslim 1130)
Umvuzo wokuzila lolu suku olulodwa mkhulu kakhulu:
UMprofethi ﷺ wabuzwa ngokuzila uSuku lwe-Ashura, wathi: "Lususa izono zonyaka odlule."
(Sahih Muslim 1162)
Usuku olulodwa lokuzila — kanti unyaka wezono ezincane usulwe waba msulwa. Zimbalwa izenzo zokukhonza ezinikeza umvuzo omkhulu kangaka ngokuncane kangaka.
Zila ne-Tasu'a — owe-9 kuMuharram
Onyakeni wokugcina wempilo yakhe, uMprofethi ﷺ wakhombisa inhloso yokuhlukanisa ukuzila kwamaSilamu kokwaBantu beNcwadi ngokuzila nosuku lwesishiyagalolunye:
"Uma ngiphila ngifike onyakeni ozayo, ngizozila nosuku lwesishiyagalolunye [futhi]."
(Sahih Muslim 1134)
Washona ngaphambi kukaMuharram olandelayo, kodwa inhloso yakhe yaba yi-Sunnah. Ngakho umkhuba onconywayo ngukuzila kokubili owesi-9 nowe-10 (Tasu'a ne-Ashura). Uma umuntu ekwazi ukuzila usuku olulodwa kuphela, owe-10 wodwa usaphethe umvuzo ogcwele wokususa izono zonyaka odlule.
Amazinga Amathathu Okuzila i-Ashura
Izazi, kufaka phakathi u-Ibn al-Qayyim (u-Allah makamhawukele), zachaza amazinga amathathu okuphelela:
- Okungcono kakhulu: Zila owe-9, owe-10, nowe-11 kuMuharram.
- Okungcono: Zila owe-9 nowe-10.
- Okwamukelekayo: Zila owe-10 wodwa.
Unyaka Omusha WamaSilamu
Owokuqala kaMuharram uphawula ukuqala kwekhalenda yeHijri (yamaSilamu). Le khalenda ibalwa hhayi kusukela empini noma ekubekweni esihlalweni, kodwa kusukela ku-Hijrah — ukufuduka kukaMprofethi ﷺ esuka eMakkah eya eMadinah. KwakunguUmar ibn al-Khattab (u-Allah makajabule ngaye) owathi, ngokubonisana naBangane, wamisa iHijrah njengendawo yokuqala yenkathi yamaSilamu — isitatimende esinamandla sokuthi umlando wethu uphendukela emzuzwini lapho ukholo lwathola khona ikhaya.
Asikho isenzo esithile sokukhonza uMprofethi ﷺ asimisela ubusuku noma usuku lonyaka omusha — awukho umthandazo okhethekile, awukho umgubho. Kunalokho, umkholwa uwamukela ngendlela okufanele wonke usuku lwamukelwe ngayo: ngokubonga, ngenhloso eqotho, nokuzimisela ukusondela ku-Allah. Ukushintsha konyaka kuwumzuzu ongokwemvelo wokuma, uzihlole, ulungise inhliziyo ngezinyanga ezizayo.
UUmar ibn al-Khattab (u-Allah makajabule ngaye) wathi: "Zihloleni ngaphambi kokuba nihlolwe, futhi nikale izenzo zenu ngaphambi kokuba zikalelwe nina."
Yini Ongayenza KuMuharram
- Zila i-Ashura (owe-10) — ne-Tasu'a (owe-9) nayo. Isenzo esigcizelelwe kakhulu senyanga.
- Khulisa ukuzila ngokuzithandela kuyo yonke inyanga — "kungukuzila okungcono kakhulu ngemva kukaRamadan."
- Qala unyaka ngokuphenduka ngobuqotho (tawbah) nangenhloso evuselelwe yokulalela u-Allah.
- Zivikele esonweni — ukona enyangeni engcwele kunzima kakhulu.
- Khulisa i-dhikr, iQuran, isadaka, ne-du'a njengoba unyaka uqala.
- Zihlole — zindla ngonyaka odlule futhi ubeke imigomo yonyaka ozayo.
Isiqalo Esihle
UMuharram unikeza umkholwa inhlanganisela engavamile: udumo lwenyanga engcwele, umvuzo omkhulu wokuzila i-Ashura, nekhasi elisha lonyaka omusha. Yisikhathi sokungena onyakeni nenhliziyo ehlanzekile, inhloso ecacile, nethemba esiheni sika-Allah.
Njengoba unyaka owodwa uvalwa nomunye uvulwa, sengathi u-Allah angenza unyaka ozayo ube ngowentethelelo, ukuqina, nokusondela kuye — futhi sengathi angamukela ukuzila kwethu nokuphenduka kwethu. Ameen.
Ikhalenda yamaSilamu iqala ngeHijrah — ukufuduka okwaguqula umlando. Funda indaba ephelele nezifundo zayo ezingapheli: IHijrah — Ukufuduka Okwaguqula Umlando.