Kuzo zonke izehlakalo emlandweni wamaSilamu, zimbalwa eziphethe isisindo seHijrah — ukufuduka kukaMprofethi uMuhammad ﷺ esuka eMakkah eya eMadinah. Kwaphawula ukuzalwa komphakathi wokuqala wamaSilamu, ukuvela kombuso wamaSilamu, nephuzu eliguqulayo elibaluleke kangangokuthi amaSilamu kamuva ayobala yonke ikhalenda yawo kusukela kulo. Unyaka omusha weHijri esiwamukelayo manje uthatha igama lawo kulolu hambo uqobo.
Iminyaka Eyishumi Nantathu Yokubekezela
Iminyaka eyishumi nantathu emide eMakkah, uMprofethi ﷺ nabalandeli bakhe babhekana nokushushiswa, ukuvinjelwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokudingiswa ngenxa yokungekho cala ngaphandle kokusho ukuthi "Akekho unkulunkulu ngaphandle kuka-Allah." Amakholwa ashaywa, alanjiswa, abulawa. Nokho kukho konke lokho, uMprofethi ﷺ wahlala ebekezela eqinile, ebiza abantu eqinisweni.
Lapho abantu baseYathrib (kamuva iMadinah) bamukela amaSilamu futhi bafunga ukuvikela uMprofethi ﷺ, u-Allah ekugcineni wanika imvume yokufuduka. Ngamunye ngamunye, amaSilamu aphuma ngokunyenya eMakkah aya ekhaya lawo elisha — kwaze kwasala uMprofethi ﷺ, u-Abu Bakr, no-Ali (u-Allah makajabule ngabo) kuphela.
Itulo Nobusuku Bokuhamba
Abaholi bakwaQuraysh, bethukile, bahlangana baceba itulo: insizwa evela kuzo zonke izizwe yayizoshaya uMprofethi ﷺ ndawonye, ukuze igazi lakhe libe phezu kwabo bonke futhi umndeni wakhe ungakwazi ukuphindisela. U-Allah wembula itulo lawo:
"Futhi [khumbula, O Muhammad] lapho labo abangakholwanga beceba ngokumelene nawe ukuze bakuvimbe noma bakubulale noma bakuxoshe. Kodwa bayaceba, no-Allah uyaceba. Futhi u-Allah ungcono kunabacebi bonke."
(Surah Al-Anfal, 8:30)
Ngobusuku obumisiwe, ababulali bazungeza indlu yakhe. Kodwa uMprofethi ﷺ wacela u-Ali (u-Allah makajabule ngaye) ukuba alale embhedeni wakhe, yena waphuma edlula kubo engabonwa, eshiya eya ekhaya lika-Abu Bakr. Bobabili basuka ndawonye ngaphansi kobumnyama.
Umhume waseThawr
Esikhundleni sokuya enyakatho eMadinah, uMprofethi ﷺ no-Abu Bakr bahamba baya eningizimu — isinyathelo esihlakaniphile sokuphambanisa abaxoshi babo — bacasha emhumeni eNtabeni iThawr. AbakwaQuraysh banikela ngengcebo enkulu ukuze babanjwe, namaqembu okuhlola asesha indawo. Ngesikhathi esithile, abaxoshi bama emnyango womhume uqobo.
U-Abu Bakr (u-Allah makajabule ngaye) wesaba — hhayi ngenxa yakhe, kodwa ngenxa yeSithunywa sika-Allah ﷺ. Wahleba, "Uma omunye wabo ebheka phansi ezinyaweni zakhe, uzosibona." UMprofethi ﷺ waphendula ngamazwi okwethemba okuphelele ku-Allah:
"Ungadabuki; ngempela u-Allah unathi."
(Surah At-Tawbah, 9:40)
Futhi kolunye ulandiso:
"O Abu Bakr, ucabangani ngababili, okuwu-Allah owesithathu kubo?"
(Sahih al-Bukhari 3653 · Sahih Muslim 2381)
Abaxoshi baphenduka bahamba, bobabili basala emhumeni izinsuku ezintathu ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nohambo lwabo.
USuraqah Nehhashi Elishonayo
Njengoba beqhubeka nohambo, uSuraqah ibn Malik wabaxosha, ethemba ukuwina umvuzo wokubabamba. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ihhashi lakhe lisondela, imilenze yalo yashona phansi emhlabathini. Ebona ukuthi ubhekene nokuthile okukhulu kunesibalekeli, uSuraqah wancenga ukuphepha. UMprofethi ﷺ, ngisho nakulo mzuzu wengozi, wabikezela ikusasa elimangalisayo — ukuthi uSuraqah ngelinye ilanga uyogqoka izicwebe zikaKhosrow, umbusi wePheresiya. Eminyakeni kamuva, ngemva kokunqoba kwamaSilamu, sona leso siphrofetho saba yiqiniso. (Sahih al-Bukhari 3906)
IMasjid Yokuqala: IQuba
Efika ngokuphepha emaphethelweni eMadinah, uMprofethi ﷺ waqala wema eQuba, lapho amisa khona imasjid yokuqala kakhulu yamaSilamu — imasjid u-Allah ngokwakhe ayidumisile:
"Imasjid esekelwe ekulungeni kusukela ngosuku lokuqala ifanele kakhulu kuwe ukuba ume kuyo. Ngaphakathi kuyo kunamadoda athanda ukuzihlanza; futhi u-Allah uyabathanda labo abazihlanzayo."
(Surah At-Tawbah, 9:108)
Ukwamukelwa kwaseMadinah
Njengoba uMprofethi ﷺ engena eMadinah, idolobha lagcwala injabulo. Ama-Ansar — abaSizi — baphuma bezomhalalisela ngomgubho nangengoma, izinhliziyo zabo zigcwele ngokuthi iSithunywa sika-Allah ﷺ ekugcineni sase sifikile sizohlala phakathi kwabo. Kwakuwusuku olujabulisa kunazo zonke iMadinah eyake yalwazi.
Lapho, uMprofethi ﷺ wabeka izisekelo zomphakathi omusha. Wakha iMasjid kaMprofethi (Al-Masjid an-Nabawi), futhi — kwesinye sezenzo ezibabazekayo zobunye emlandweni — wamisa isibopho sobuzalwane (mu'akhah) phakathi kwabaMuhajirun (abafuduki abasuka eMakkah) nama-Ansar (abaSizi baseMadinah). Ama-Ansar abelana ngamakhaya, ingcebo, nomhlaba wawo nabafowabo enkolweni, engaceli lutho. (Sahih al-Bukhari 3937)
U-Allah wenza umhlatshelo nothando lwabo kungafi:
"Futhi [futhi nakulabo] ababehlala eMadinah futhi [bamukela] ukholo ngaphambi kwabo. Bayabathanda labo abafudukela kubo futhi abatholi noma yikuphi ukufisa ezifubeni zabo kwalokho abakunikwayo kodwa banika [abafuduki] ukuncamelwa ngaphezu kwabo, yize bona besebumpofini."
(Surah Al-Hashr, 59:9)
Kungani Ikhalenda Iqala NeHijrah
Eminyakeni kamuva, ngesikhathi sobuKhalifa buka-Umar ibn al-Khattab (u-Allah makajabule ngaye), amaSilamu ayedinga indawo yokuqala emisiwe yekhalenda yawo. Ngemva kokubonisana naBangane, u-Umar akakhethanga ukuzalwa kukaMprofethi, noma isambulo sokuqala, noma ukunqoba okukhulu — kodwa wakhetha i-Hijrah.
Kungani? Ngoba iHijrah kwakuwumzuzu lapho amaSilamu asuka khona kumyalezo oshushiswayo aba ngumphakathi omisiwe — umzuzu lapho ukholo lwathola khona ikhaya nekusasa. Kwakuyiphuzu eliguqulayo hhayi lempilo yomuntu oyedwa, kodwa lwawo wonke uMmah. Kuze kube namuhla, lonke usuku lweHijri esilubhalayo luyinhlonipho ethulile yalolo hambo.
IHijrah Engaphakathi Kithi
Izifundo zeHijrah azivalelwe esikhathini esidlule — zikhuluma kuwo wonke umkholwa kuyo yonke iminyaka:
- Themba ohlelweni luka-Allah. "Ungadabuki; ngempela u-Allah unathi." Ngisho nalapho uzungezwe yingozi, inhliziyo yomkholwa iphumula ku-Allah.
- Thatha izindlela, bese wethemba u-Allah. UMprofethi ﷺ wahlela ngokucophelela — umhloli, indlela ehlukile, indawo yokucasha — wabe esethemba u-Allah ngokuphelele. Ukholo nomzamo kuhamba ndawonye.
- Ubuzalwane ngaphezu kobuyena. Ama-Ansar anikeza abanye ukuncamelwa ngaphezu kwawo. Ukholo lweqiniso lunesandla esivulekile.
- Umhlatshelo ngenxa yalokho okubalulekile. AbaMuhajirun bashiya amakhaya, ingcebo, nendawo abazalelwa kuyo ngenxa ka-Allah — futhi u-Allah wakufaka esikhundleni ngokuthile okukhulu kakhulu.
UMprofethi ﷺ wafundisa ukuthi umoya wokufuduka uyaqhubeka isikhathi eside ngemva kohambo uqobo:
"Umfuduki (weqiniso) ngulowo oshiya lokho u-Allah akwenqabele."
(Sahih al-Bukhari 10)
Futhi wasikhumbuza ukuthi sonke isenzo — kufaka phakathi ukufuduka — sahlulelwa ngenhloso:
"Izenzo zincike ezinhlosweni, futhi umuntu ngamunye uyothola kuphela lokho akuhlosile. Ngakho noma ngubani owafudukela u-Allah neSithunywa sakhe, ukufuduka kwakhe kungoka-Allah neSithunywa sakhe…"
(Sahih al-Bukhari 1 · Sahih Muslim 1907)
Unyaka Omusha, Uhambo Olusha
Njengoba samukela unyaka omusha weHijri, iHijrah imema ngamunye wethu ukuba enze ukufuduka kwakhe siqu — hhayi kusuka kwelinye idolobha kuya kwelinye, kodwa kusuka ekunganakekeleni kuya ekucabangeni, kusuka esonweni kuya ekuphendukeni, kusuka ekuphazamisekeni kuya ekuzinikeleni. Umkholwa uhlala esohambeni oluya ku-Allah.
Sengathi u-Allah angenza lo nyaka ube yiHijrah yenhliziyo kithi sonke — unyaka esisondela kuwo kuye, sishiya ngemuva lokho okungamjabulisi, futhi sithole, njengoba aBangane benza, ukuthi noma yini esiyinikelayo ngenxa yakhe, uyibuyisela ngokuthile okungcono kakhulu. Ameen.
Unyaka omusha uvulwa ngenyanga engcwele uMuharram nokuzila okukhulu kwe-Ashura. Funda kabanzi: UMuharram — Inyanga Engcwele Nonyaka Omusha WamaSilamu.