Njalo ngonyaka, lapho kufika inyanga yeRabi al-Awwal, umbuzo owodwa uyaphinda uvele emakilasini, emsakazweni, emaqenjini emindeni, naphakathi komakhelwane abangewona amaSulumane. Wayengubani lo muntu?
Umbuzo ofanele, futhi lesi sihloko sizama ukuwuphendula ngendlela elula. Sichaza lo muntu njengoba imithombo yakudala negcinwe kahle imchaza: lokho akusho, indlela aphila ngayo, nendlela aphatha ngayo ababemlandela nababemphikisa.
Akekho umuntu oyedwa e-Islam othandwa ngaphezu kukaMprofethi uMuhammad ﷺ. AmaSulumane asho igama lakhe izigidi zezikhathi ngosuku, njalo lilandelwa umthandazo wokuthula phezu kwakhe (incazelo yophawu ﷺ). Nokho ukuqonda i-Islam, umuntu kufanele aqonde yena, hhayi umfanekiso ohlekisayo, kodwa indoda njengoba amaSulumane ayazi: isithunywa sokugcina sikaNkulunkulu, nomusa othunyelwe kuyo yonke indalo.
Intandane YaseMakkah
UMuhammad ﷺ wazalelwa edolobheni laseMakkah, e-Arabia, cishe ngonyaka ka-570 CE. Uyise washona ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwakhe, nonina lapho eneminyaka eyisithupha kuphela, emshiya eyintandane eyakhuliswa okokuqala nguyisemkhulu, wabe esekhuliswa ngumalume wakhe. Akazange afunde ukufunda noma ukubhala.
Kudala ngaphambi kokuthola noma yisiphi isambulo, abantu baseMakkah, umphakathi owawugcwele ukukhonza izithombe, izimpi zezizwe, nokungabi nabulungiswa, babemazi ngegama eliphawulekayo: Al-Amīn, "Othembekile." Ngisho nezitha zakhe zesikhathi esizayo zazimethemba ngezinto zabo eziyigugu, ngoba ubuqotho bakhe babungangabazeki. (Ibn Hisham, As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah; Al-Mubarakpuri, Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum) Leli gama lokwethembeka, elakheka eminyakeni engamashumi amane, liyingxenye yobufakazi bokuba neqiniso kwakhe: umuntu owayengakaze atholakale eqamba amanga phakathi kwabantu bakubo akazange avele aqale ukuqamba amanga ngoNkulunkulu.
Isambulo Sokuqala
Eneminyaka engamashumi amane, ezindla eyedwa eMhumeni waseHirā' ngaphandle kwaseMakkah, uMuhammad ﷺ wathola amazwi okuqala eQur'an ngengelosi uGabriyeli. Umyalo wokuqala owembulwa endodeni engafundile wawuyisimemo solwazi:
"Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created- Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood: Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- He Who taught (the use of) the pen,- Taught man that which he knew not."
(Surah Al-'Alaq, 96:1–5)
Iminyaka engamashumi amabili nantathu elandelayo, isambulo saqhubeka, futhi uMuhammad ﷺ wabiza abantu bakhe besuka ekukhonzeni izithombe beya kuNkulunkulu oyedwa weqiniso. Wahlangatshezwa okokuqala ngokuhlekwa, kwabe kuba ushushiso, ukuvinjezelwa, ekugcineni imizamo yokubulala impilo yakhe, nokho akazange antengantenge, futhi akazange abuyisele ulunya ngolunya.
Ukufuduka Nomphakathi Wokuqala WamaSulumane
Lapho ushushiso eMakkah selungabekezeleleki, uMprofethi ﷺ nabalandeli bakhe bafudukela edolobheni laseMadinah ngo-622 CE, isenzakalo esibaluleke kangangokuthi simaka ukuqala kwekhalenda yamaSulumane. Lapho, wamisa umphakathi wokuqala wamaSulumane: umphakathi obophezelwe hhayi ngesizwe noma ngobuhlanga, kodwa ngokholo; indawo lapho izitha zangaphambili zaba abafowabo, lapho abampofu bondlwa, futhi lapho ubulungiswa babuphathwa ngaphandle kokukhetha.
Phakathi kwesizukulwane esisodwa, indoda eyayixoshiwe ekhaya layo yabuyela eMakkah inqoba, futhi, ngosuku lwamandla ayo amakhulu, yathethelela kanye abantu ababeyihluphile bayixosha. Lo musa ngesikhathi sokunqoba ungenye yezithombe ezichaza impilo yakhe.
UMprofethi Wokugcina
UMuhammad ﷺ wayengeyena umsunguli wenkolo entsha, kodwa owokugcina eketangweni elide labaprofethi, uphawu oluphelelisa umyalezo owaqala ngo-Adamu owaphathwa ngu-Abrahama, uMose, noJesu (ukuthula makube phezu kwabo bonke).
"Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but (he is) the Messenger of Allah, and the Seal of the Prophets: and Allah has full knowledge of all things."
(Surah Al-Ahzab, 33:40)
Futhi umsebenzi wakhe wawungewona owama-Arabhu wodwa, ngisho nowamaSulumane wodwa, kodwa owabo bonke abantu, impela, wayo yonke indalo:
"We sent thee not, but as a Mercy for all creatures."
(Surah Al-Anbiya, 21:107)
Isimilo Esingafani Naselinye
Lapho indoda iya kumkakhe u-'A'ishah (u-Allah ﷻ akakholise ngaye) imcela ukuba achaze isimilo sakhe, akazange aqale ngohlu. Wayiphendula ngombuzo:
I said: Mother of the Faithful, tell me about the character of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). She said: Don't you read the Qur'an? I said: Yes. Upon this she said: The character of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was the Qur'an.
(Sahih Muslim 746a, Book 6, Hadith 168)
Wayechaza ukuthi isimilo sakhe asinakwehlukaniswa nencwadi ayilethayo. Lokho ayekushumayela kwakuyikho ayephila ngakho. UNkulunkulu ngokwakhe wafakaza ngesimilo sakhe eQur'an:
"And thou (standest) on an exalted standard of character."
(Surah Al-Qalam, 68:4)
Wafingqa injongo yempilo yakhe ngomusho owodwa:
"I was sent to perfect good character."
(Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 273, Book 14, Hadith 273; Sahih, Al-Albani, Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Sahihah 45)
Wayezilungisela izingubo zakhe, asenge izimbuzi zakhe, adlale nezingane, akhulule izigqila, ahloniphe abesifazane ngesikhathi ababembelwa bephila, futhi wathi ngomshado: "The best of you is the best to his wives, and I am the best of you to my wives" (Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3895, Sahih). Wenqabela ulunya ngisho nasezilwaneni, futhi wafundisa ukuthi owesifazane wangena esihogweni ngenxa yokuncisha ikati ukudla (Sahih al-Bukhari 3318; Sahih Muslim 2242), kanti omunye wathethelelwa ngokuphuzisa inja eyayomile. (Sahih al-Bukhari 3467; Sahih Muslim 2245)
Kungani AmaSulumane Emlandela
KumaSulumane, uMprofethi ﷺ akayena uNkulunkulu futhi akaze akhonzwe, ukukhonza kungokukaNkulunkulu yedwa. Kunalokho, uyisibonelo esiphelele somuntu wokuphila ngokuzinikela kuNkulunkulu. IQur'an yenza ukumlandela uphawu lokuthanda uNkulunkulu ngeqiniso:
"Say: "If ye do love Allah, Follow me: Allah will love you and forgive you your sins: For Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.""
(Surah Aal 'Imran, 3:31)
Izimfundiso nesibonelo sakhe, i-Sunnah yakhe, kwakha umthombo wesibili omkhulu we-Islam eceleni kweQur'an, kukhombisa amaSulumane ukuthi aguqule kanjani inkolelo ibe impilo yansuku zonke: indlela yokuthandaza, yokuphatha omakhelwane, yokuhweba ngobuqotho, neyokuziphatha ngesithunzi nangomusa.
Yini Ayeyicela Kubantu?
Umyalezo wakhe wawugxile kulokhu: kukhona uNkulunkulu oyedwa, mkhonzeni Yena yedwa, futhi uthumele izithunywa kubo bonke abantu. Konke okunye, umthandazo, ukusiza abaswele, ukuzila ukudla, ubuqotho ekuhwebeni, nomusa kubazali, kwakulandela kulokhu.
Wayekugcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe naphambi kwabantu ukuthi yena ungumuntu:
"Say: "I am but a man like yourselves, (but) the inspiration has come to me, that your Allah is one Allah: whoever expects to meet his Lord, let him work righteousness, and, in the worship of his Lord, admit no one as partner."
(Surah Al-Kahf, 18:110)
Ngenxa yalokho, amaSulumane alandela uMprofethi uMuhammad ﷺ kodwa awamkhonzi. Ezinye izincwadi zakudala zesiNgisi zazibiza amaSulumane ngegama elisuselwa egameni likaMuhammad, ngenxa yokungaliqondi leli phuzu. E-Islam ukukhonza kungokukaNkulunkulu yedwa, futhi le mfundiso iyisisekelo somyalezo owalethwa uMprofethi ﷺ.
Sazi Kanjani Ukuthi Wayengumuntu Onjani?
Kuyaqondakala ukuthi abantu babuze ukuthi singasazi kanjani isimilo somuntu owashona ngo-632 CE.
Impendulo ukuthi umphakathi wakhe wawathatha amazwi akhe njengento okufanele igcinwe ngokunembile. Imibiko yalokho akusho nakwenza yayidluliselwa kanye namagama abantu ababeyilandisa, ukuthi ubani wayizwe kubani nokuthi ngamuphi unyaka. Izifundiswa zakamuva zakha umkhakha wokufunda owawuhlola la maketango: inkumbulo, ubuqotho, neminyaka yokuphila yomlandisi ngamunye.
Yingakho i-hadith iba nesilinganiso sobuqiniso bayo, futhi yingakho lesi sihloko sisisho. Yingakho futhi umbhali oyiSulumane echaza umbiko ngokuthi hasan esikhundleni sokuthi sahih uma lokho kuyisilinganiso sawo. Lolu hlelo lwakhelwa ukuveza lowo mehluko, hhayi ukuwufihla.
Lokho Ayekufundisa Ngobuhlanga
Onyakeni wakhe wokugcina, entshumayelweni yakhe yokuvalelisa, watshela abahambi ababebuthene: "There is no virtue of an Arab over a foreigner, nor a foreigner over an Arab, and neither white over black nor black over white, except by righteousness." (Shu'ab al-Iman 5137, elilandiswe ngu-Jabir ibn 'Abdullah — Sahih li ghayrihi, Al-Albani) Lokhu kusiza ukuchaza ukukhetha ayekwenzile eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili.
Indoda ayikhetha ukubiza i-adhan yokuqala, ukuma ibize umphakathi wonke ukuze uthandaze, kahlanu ngosuku, ngezwi elizozwakala kubo bonke, kwakunguBilaal ibn Rabah, umuntu wase-Afrika owayegqilaziwe futhi ehlukumezekile eMakkah ngokwenqaba ukudela ukholo lwakhe. Emphakathini owawuhlelwa ngokuzalwa, uMprofethi ﷺ wanika indima esobala kakhulu emphakathini isigqila esikhululiwe esimnyama.
Emphakathini owawubeka abantu ngokuzalwa, uMprofethi ﷺ wanika indima esobala kakhulu emphakathini indoda eyayike yagqilazwa. Wafundisa ukulingana ngamazwi, futhi wakubonisa ngezenzo. Abafundi baseNingizimu Afrika, nanoma yikuphi lapho abantu behlukaniswe ngokuzalwa noma ibala, bangase bathole lokho kukhetha kukhuluma kubo ngokuqondile.
Kungani AmaSulumane Ethemba I-Sunnah
Kuvela umbuzo ojwayelekile: uma izinkulumo nezenzo zikaMprofethi ﷺ kuwumthombo wesiqondiso, amaSulumane angaqiniseka kanjani ngalokho ayekusho ngempela, emakhulwini ayishumi nane kamuva? Impendulo isohlelweni oluqinile kunazo zonke lokuqinisekisa umlando emhlabeni wakudala.
Izinkulumo zikaMprofethi ﷺ (ama-hadith) zagcinwa ngokucophelela enkumbulweni ngabalandeli bakhe, zabhalwa phansi, futhi zadluliselwa ngamaketango abhaliwe okulandisa (isnad), umbiko ngamunye ulandelelwa, umlandisi ngomlandisi, kuze kufike kufakazi obonile. Izizukulwane zezifundiswa zamaSulumane zabe sezihlola ngokujulile lawa maketango, ziphenya inkumbulo, ubuqotho, nempilo yomlandisi ngamunye, zibeka umbiko ngamunye njengoqinisekisiwe, obuthakathaka, noma oqanjiwe. Kwaqoqwa izincwadi ezinkulu ngempilo yabalandisi ngenxa yale njongo.
Yingakho kungamukelwa yonke inkulumo ekhonjwa kuMprofethi ﷺ. Amaqoqo athenjwa kakhulu, njenge-Sahih al-Bukhari ne-Sahih Muslim, abhala kuphela imibiko edlule kulokhu kuhlolwa okuqinile. Kuyisayensi yokuqinisekisa engenakuqhathaniswa nokuncane emlandweni wesintu, futhi yiyona nto eyenza amaSulumane akhulume ngokuzethemba ngendlela uMprofethi ﷺ ayephila, ayethandaza, futhi ayefundisa ngayo.
Imithombo Esetshenzisiwe
- IQur'an: 96:1–5, 33:40, 21:107, 68:4, 3:31 no-18:110. Izingcaphuno zithathwe enguqulweni ka-Abdullah Yusuf Ali etholakala ku-quran.com.
- Sahih Muslim 746a (u-'A'ishah echaza isimilo sikaMprofethi ﷺ); Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 273 (Sahih, Al-Albani); Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3895 (Sahih); Sahih al-Bukhari 3318 & 3467, Sahih Muslim 2242 & 2245 (ikati nenja); Shu'ab al-Iman 5137 (Sahih li ghayrihi, Al-Albani — intshumayelo yokuvalelisa ngobuhlanga).
- Ibn Hisham, As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah no-Al-Mubarakpuri, Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum: umlando wempilo yakhe (u-Al-Amīn, ukufuduka, nokunqotshwa kweMakkah).
Qhubeka Ngohambo Lwakho
Ingxenye yo-Mhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokuqonda I-Islam.