Akekho umuntu oyedwa e-Islam othandwa ngaphezu kukaMprofethi uMuhammad ﷺ. AmaSulumane asho igama lakhe izigidi zezikhathi ngosuku, njalo lilandelwa umthandazo wokuthula phezu kwakhe (incazelo yophawu ﷺ). Nokho ukuqonda i-Islam, umuntu kufanele aqonde yena, hhayi umfanekiso ohlekisayo, kodwa indoda njengoba amaSulumane ayazi: isithunywa sokugcina sikaNkulunkulu, nomusa othunyelwe kuyo yonke indalo.
Intandane YaseMakkah
UMuhammad ﷺ wazalelwa edolobheni laseMakkah, e-Arabia, cishe ngonyaka ka-570 CE. Uyise washona ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwakhe, nonina lapho eneminyaka eyisithupha kuphela, emshiya eyintandane eyakhuliswa okokuqala nguyisemkhulu, kwabe kuba nguninalume. Akazange afunde ukufunda noma ukubhala.
Kudala ngaphambi kokuthola noma yisiphi isambulo, abantu baseMakkah, umphakathi owawugcwele ukukhonza izithombe, izimpi zezizwe, nokungabi nabulungiswa, babemazi ngesibongo esiphawulekayo: Al-Amīn, "Othembekile." Ngisho nezitha zakhe zesikhathi esizayo zazimethemba ngezinto zabo eziyigugu, ngoba ubuqotho bakhe babungangabazeki. Le nkumbulo, eyakheka phezu kweminyaka engamashumi amane, iyingxenye yobufakazi buk'iqiniso lakhe.
Isambulo Sokuqala
Eneminyaka engamashumi amane, ezindla eyedwa eMhumeni waseHirā' ngaphandle kwaseMakkah, uMuhammad ﷺ wathola amazwi okuqala eQur'an ngengelosi uGabriyeli. Umyalo wokuqala owembulwa endodeni engafundile wawuyisimemo solwazi:
"Funda, egameni leNkosi yakho eyadala — yadala umuntu ngesihlangene segazi. Funda, futhi iNkosi yakho inguMphayo kakhulu — eyafundisa ngepeni — yafundisa umuntu lokho angakwazi."
(Surah Al-'Alaq, 96:1–5)
Iminyaka engamashumi amabili nantathu elandelayo, isambulo saqhubeka, futhi uMuhammad ﷺ wabiza abantu bakhe besuka ekukhonzeni izithombe beya kuNkulunkulu oyedwa weqiniso. Wahlangatshezwa okokuqala ngokuhlekwa, kwabe kuba ushushiso, ukuvinjezelwa, ekugcineni imizamo yokubulala impilo yakhe, nokho akazange antengantenge, futhi akazange abuyisele ulunya ngolunya.
Ukufuduka Nomphakathi Wokuqala WamaSulumane
Lapho ushushiso eMakkah selungabekezeleleki, uMprofethi ﷺ nabalandeli bakhe bafudukela edolobheni laseMadinah ngo-622 CE, isenzakalo esibaluleke kangangokuthi simaka ukuqala kwekhalenda yamaSulumane. Lapho, wamisa umphakathi wokuqala wamaSulumane: umphakathi obophezelwe hhayi ngesizwe noma ngobuhlanga, kodwa ngokholo; indawo lapho izitha zangaphambili zaba abafowabo, lapho abampofu bondlwa, futhi lapho ubulungiswa babuphathwa ngaphandle kokukhetha.
Phakathi kwesizukulwane esisodwa, indoda eyayixoshiwe ekhaya layo yabuyela eMakkah inqoba, futhi, ngosuku lwamandla ayo amakhulu, yathethelela kanye abantu ababeyihluphile bayixosha. Lo musa ngesikhathi sokunqoba ungenye yezithombe ezichaza impilo yakhe.
UMprofethi Wokugcina
AmaSulumane akholwa ukuthi uMuhammad ﷺ wayengeyena umsunguli wenkolo entsha, kodwa owokugcina eketangweni elide labaprofethi, uphawu oluphelelisa umyalezo owaqala ngo-Adamu owaphathwa ngu-Abrahama, uMose, noJesu (ukuthula makube phezu kwabo bonke).
"UMuhammad akayena uyise walutho lwamadoda enu, kodwa uyisithunywa sika-Allah nophawu lwabaprofethi."
(Surah Al-Ahzab, 33:40)
Futhi umsebenzi wakhe wawungewona owama-Arabhu wodwa, ngisho nowamaSulumane wodwa, kodwa owabo bonke abantu, impela, wayo yonke indalo:
"Futhi asikuthumelanga ngaphandle njengomusa emhlabeni."
(Surah Al-Anbiya, 21:107)
Isimilo Esingafani Naselinye
Lapho unkosikazi wakhe u-'A'ishah (u-Allah akakholise ngaye) ecelwa ukuchaza isimilo sakhe, waphendula ngokulula: "Isimilo sakhe kwakuyiQur'an." (Sahih Muslim, 746) Wayephila kanye lokho akushumayelayo. UNkulunkulu ngokwakhe wafakaza isimilo sakhe eQur'an:
"Futhi ngempela, wena usesimilweni esikhulu."
(Surah Al-Qalam, 68:4)
Wafingqa injongo yempilo yakhe ngomusho owodwa:
"Ngathunywa kuphela ukuphelelisa isimilo esihle."
(Al-Adab Al-Mufrad, 273; kuqinisekisiwe)
Wayezilungisela izingubo zakhe, asenge izimbuzi zakhe, adlale nezingane, akhulule izigqila, ahloniphe abesifazane ngesikhathi ababembelwa bephila, afundise ukuthi "abangcono kini yilabo abahle kakhulu emindenini yabo." (Sunan al-Tirmidhi, 3895) Wenqabela ulunya ngisho nasezilwaneni.
Kungani AmaSulumane Emlandela
KumaSulumane, uMprofethi ﷺ akaphakeme njengoNkulunkulu futhi akaze akhonzwe, ukukhonza kungokukaNkulunkulu yedwa. Kunalokho, uyisibonelo esiphelele somuntu wokuphila ngokuzinikela kuNkulunkulu. IQur'an yenza ukumlandela uphawu lokuthanda uNkulunkulu ngeqiniso:
"Ithi: Uma nithanda u-Allah, ngilandeleni, u-Allah uzonithanda anithethelele izono zenu."
(Surah Aal 'Imran, 3:31)
Izimfundiso nesibonelo sakhe, i-Sunnah yakhe, kwakha umthombo wesibili omkhulu we-Islam eceleni kweQur'an, kukhombisa amaSulumane ukuthi aguqule kanjani inkolelo ibe impilo yansuku zonke.
Kungani AmaSulumane Ethemba I-Sunnah
Kuvela umbuzo ojwayelekile: uma izinkulumo nezenzo zikaMprofethi ﷺ kuwumthombo wesiqondiso, amaSulumane angaqiniseka kanjani ngalokho ayekusho ngempela, emakhulwini ayishumi nane kamuva? Impendulo isohlelweni oluqinile kunazo zonke lokuqinisekisa umlando emhlabeni wakudala.
Izinkulumo zikaMprofethi ﷺ (ama-hadith) zafundwa ngokucophelela abalandeli bakhe, zabhalwa phansi, futhi zadluliselwa ngamaketango abhaliwe okulandisa (isnad), umbiko ngamunye ulandelelwa, umlandisi ngomlandisi, kuze kufike kufakazi obonile. Izizukulwane zezifundiswa zamaSulumane zabe sezihlola ngokujulile lawa maketango, ziphenya inkumbulo, ubuqotho, nempilo yomlandisi ngamunye, zibeka umbiko ngamunye njengoqinisekisiwe, obuthakathaka, noma oqanjiwe.
Yingakho kungamukelwa yonke inkulumo ekhonjwa kuMprofethi ﷺ. Amaqoqo athenjwa kakhulu, njenge-Sahih al-Bukhari ne-Sahih Muslim, abhala kuphela imibiko edlule kulokhu kuhlolwa okuqinile. Kuyisayensi yokuqinisekisa engenakuqhathaniswa nokuncane emlandweni wesintu, futhi yiyona nto eyenza amaSulumane akhulume ngokuzethemba ngendlela uMprofethi ﷺ ayephila, ayethandaza, futhi ayefundisa ngayo.
Okunye Ongakufunda
- The Qur'an. Funda ngokwakho, nenguqulo nokufundwa.
- Sahih al-Bukhari & Sahih Muslim. Amaqoqo amabili aqinisekiswe kakhulu ezinkulumeni zikaMprofethi ﷺ.
- Riyad as-Salihin (Imam an-Nawawi), iqoqo elithandekayo lama-hadith ngokholo, isimilo, nokukhonza.
- The Sealed Nectar (Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum), indaba yempilo kaMprofethi ﷺ ewine imiklomelo.
- Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Martin Lings. impilo yakhe esekelwe emithonjeni yakuqala.
Qhubeka Ngohambo Lwakho
Ingxenye yo-Mhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokuqonda I-Islam .