Njengoko ilanga litshona ngosuku lokugqibela lukaDhul Hijjah, ihlabathi lamaMuslim lityhila iphepha liye kunyaka omtsha. Inyanga yokuqala yaloo nyaka nguMuharram, inyanga uAllah ngokwaKhe ayihloniphileyo, eyibiza ngokuba "iNyanga Engcwele ka-Allah." Lixesha lokucamngca, lokuhlaziywa, kunye nolunye lweentsuku zokuzila ezithandeka kunene kuyo yonke ikhalenda. Kwikholwa elifuna ukuqala unyaka kakuhle, uMuharram sisipho ekungafanele siphoswe.
UMuharram: Enye Yeenyanga Ezine Ezingcwele
UAllah, oPhakamileyo, uvakalisa eNcwadini yaKhe:
"Inene, inani leenyanga ku-Allah lilishumi elinesibini [leenyanga zenyanga] kwincwadi ka-Allah [ukususela] kwimini awadala ngayo amazulu nomhlaba; kuzo, ezine zingcwele. Leyo yinkolo ethe tye, ngoko musani ukwenza ubugwenxa kwimiphefumlo yenu phakathi kwazo."
(Surah At-Tawbah, 9:36)
UMprofeti ﷺ wazibiza ngamagama ezi nyanga zine zingcwele:
"Unyaka uziinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini, ezine zazo zingcwele: ezintathu zilandelelana — uDhul Qa'dah, uDhul Hijjah, noMuharram — noRajab, omi phakathi kukaJumada noSha'ban."
(Sahih al-Bukhari 3197 · Sahih Muslim 1679)
Ebudeni bezi nyanga, zombini izenzo ezilungileyo nezono zinobunzima obungakumbi. UIbn Kathir (wanga uAllah angaba nenceba kuye) waphawula ukuba ubugwenxa kwiinyanga ezingcwele bunzima ngakumbi, ngelixa izenzo zokuthobela, umthandazo, ukuzila, isisa, nokukhumbula uAllah, zizuza umvuzo omkhulu kakhulu. UMuharram, ovula unyaka, usimema ukuba siqale nge-taqwa nenjongo.
"Inyanga ka-Allah"
Kuzo zonke iinyanga, uMuharram uphethe imbeko eyodwa, uMprofeti ﷺ wayinxulumanisa ngokuthe ngqo no-Allah:
"Ukuzila okulungileyo emva kwenyanga kaRamadan kukuzila kwenyanga ka-Allah, uMuharram."
(Sahih Muslim 1163)
Izifundiswa ziyaqaphela ukuba akukho nyanga yimbi eyanikwa esi sihloko, Shahrullah, "inyanga ka-Allah." Olu nxulumaniso luphawu lwesikhundla sayo esiphakamileyo, kwaye kungoko ukuzila okuzithandelayo kuMuharram kokona kuzila kunesidima ngaphandle kukaRamadan.
Usuku lwe-Ashura: Owe-10 kaMuharram
Isithsaba sikaMuharram lusuku lwe-Ashura, usuku lweshumi lwenyanga. Ukuzila kwalo kokona kunomvuzo omkhulu ikholwa elinokukunikela kuwo wonke unyaka.
Xa uMprofeti ﷺ wafika eMadina, wafumanisa amaYuda ezila nge-Ashura. Wababuza ukuba kutheni, baza baphendula ukuba yayilusuku uAllah asindisa ngalo uMusa (uMoses) nabaNtwana bakaSirayeli kuFaro, ngoko uMusa wazila ngombulelo. UMprofeti ﷺ wathi:
"Thina sinelungelo elingakumbi kuMusa kunani," waza wazila kwaye wayalela abantu ukuba bazile.
(Sahih al-Bukhari 2004 · Sahih Muslim 1130)
Umvuzo wokuzila olu suku lunye mkhulu:
UMprofeti ﷺ wabuzwa ngokuzila uSuku lwe-Ashura, waza wathi: "Kucima izono zonyaka ophelileyo."
(Sahih Muslim 1162)
Usuku olunye lokuzila, kwaye unyaka wezono ezincinane ucocwe wacoceka. Zimbalwa izenzo zonqulo ezinikela umvuzo omkhulu kangaka ngento encinane kangaka.
Zila NoTasu'a: Owe-9 kaMuharram
Kunyaka wokugqibela wobomi bakhe, uMprofeti ﷺ wachaza injongo yakhe yokwahlula ukuzila kwamaMuslim kokwaBantu beNcwadi ngokuzila usuku lwesithoba nalo:
"Ukuba ndiphila ndide ndifike kunyaka ozayo, ndiya kuzila usuku lwesithoba [nalo]."
(Sahih Muslim 1134)
Washiya eli hlabathi phambi koMuharram olandelayo, kodwa injongo yakhe yaba yiSunnah. Ngoko isenzo esicetyisiweyo kukuzila zombini owe-9 nowe-10 (uTasu'a ne-Ashura). Ukuba umntu unako kuphela ukuzila usuku olunye, owe-10 wodwa usaphethe umvuzo opheleleyo wokucima izono zonyaka ophelileyo.
Amanqanaba Amathathu Okuzila i-Ashura
Izifundiswa, kubandakanya uIbn al-Qayyim (wanga uAllah angaba nenceba kuye), zachaza amanqanaba amathathu okupheleleyo:
- Okona kulungileyo: Zila owe-9, owe-10, nowe-11 kaMuharram.
- Okulungileyo: Zila owe-9 nowe-10.
- Okwamkelekayo: Zila owe-10 wodwa.
Unyaka Omtsha wamaMuslim
Usuku lokuqala lukaMuharram luphawula ukuqala kwekhalenda yeHijri (yamaMuslim). Le khalenda ibalwa kungekhona ukususela kwidabi okanye ekuthweseni isithsaba, kodwa ukususela kwi-Hijrah, ukufuduka koMprofeti ﷺ ukusuka eMakkah ukuya eMadina. YayinguUmar ibn al-Khattab (wanga uAllah angakholiseka nguye), owathi, ngokubonisana namaQabane, wamisela iHijrah njengendawo yokuqala yexesha lamaMuslim, inkcazo enamandla yokuba imbali yethu ijikeleza kwixesha apho ukholo lwafumana ikhaya khona.
Akukho senzo sithile sonqulo uMprofeti ﷺ asimiselayo ngobusuku okanye ngemini yonyaka omtsha, akukho mthandazo okhethekileyo, akukho mbhiyozo. Kunoko, ikholwa liwamkela ngendlela ekufuneka wonke umhla wamkelwe ngayo: ngombulelo, injongo enyanisekileyo, nokuzimisela ukusondela ku-Allah. Utshintsho lonyaka lixesha elifanelekileyo lokuma, uzihlole, uze ulungise intliziyo kwiinyanga ezizayo.
UUmar ibn al-Khattab (wanga uAllah angakholiseka nguye) wathi: "Zihloleni ngaphambi kokuba nihlolwe, nize nilinganise izenzo zenu ngaphambi kokuba zilinganiselwe nina."
Yintoni Omawenze kuMuharram
- Zila i-Ashura (owe-10), noTasu'a (owe-9) nayo. Esona senzo sigxininisiweyo senyanga.
- Yandisa ukuzila okuzithandelayo kuyo yonke inyanga. "kokona kuzila kulungileyo emva kukaRamadan."
- Qala unyaka ngenguquko enyanisekileyo (tawbah) nenjongo ehlaziyiweyo yokuthobela uAllah.
- Zilinde kwisono. Ubugwenxa kwinyanga engcwele bunzima ngakumbi.
- Yandisa i-dhikr, iQur'an, isisa, ne-dua njengoko unyaka uqala.
- Zihlole. Camngca ngonyaka odlulileyo uze umisele iinjongo zonyaka ozayo.
Isiqalo Esihle
UMuharram unikela ikholwa idibaniso elinqabileyo: imbeko yenyanga engcwele, umvuzo omkhulu wokuzila i-Ashura, nephepha elitsha lonyaka omtsha. Lixesha lokungena kunyaka ngentliziyo ecocekileyo, injongo ecacileyo, nethemba kwinceba ka-Allah.
Njengoko omnye unyaka uvala nomnye uvula, wanga uAllah angawenza unyaka ozayo ube ngowoxolelo, ukuzimasa, nokusondela kuYe, kwaye wanga angakwamkela ukuzila kwethu nenguquko yethu. Ameen.
Ikhalenda yamaMuslim iqala ngeHijrah — ukufuduka okwatshintsha inkalo yembali. Funda ibali elipheleleyo nezifundo zalo ezingapheliyo: IHijrah — Ukufuduka Okwatshintsha Imbali.