Njengoko ilanga litshona ngosuku lokugqibela lukaDhul Hijjah, ihlabathi lamaSilamsi lityhila iphepha liye kunyaka omtsha. Inyanga yokuqala yaloo nyaka nguMuharram — inyanga uAllah ngokwaKhe ayihloniphileyo, eyibiza ngokuba "iNyanga Engcwele ka-Allah." Lixesha lokucamngca, lokuhlaziywa, kunye nolunye lweentsuku zokuzila ezithandeka kunene kuyo yonke ikhalenda. Kwikholwa elifuna ukuqala unyaka kakuhle, uMuharram sisipho ekungafanele siphoswe.
UMuharram: Enye Yeenyanga Ezine Ezingcwele
UAllah, oPhakamileyo, uvakalisa eNcwadini yaKhe:
"Inene, inani leenyanga ku-Allah lilishumi elinesibini [leenyanga zenyanga] kwincwadi ka-Allah [ukususela] kwimini awadala ngayo amazulu nomhlaba; kuzo, ezine zingcwele. Leyo yinkolo ethe tye, ngoko musani ukwenza ubugwenxa kwimiphefumlo yenu phakathi kwazo."
(Surah At-Tawbah, 9:36)
UMprofeti ﷺ wazibiza ngamagama ezi nyanga zine zingcwele:
"Unyaka uziinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini, ezine zazo zingcwele: ezintathu zilandelelana — uDhul Qa'dah, uDhul Hijjah, noMuharram — noRajab, omi phakathi kukaJumada noSha'ban."
(Sahih al-Bukhari 3197 · Sahih Muslim 1679)
Ebudeni bezi nyanga, zombini izenzo ezilungileyo nezono zinobunzima obungakumbi. UIbn Kathir (wanga uAllah angaba nenceba kuye) waphawula ukuba ubugwenxa kwiinyanga ezingcwele bunzima ngakumbi, ngelixa izenzo zokuthobela — umthandazo, ukuzila, isisa, nokukhumbula uAllah — zizuza umvuzo omkhulu kakhulu. UMuharram, ovula unyaka, usimema ukuba siqale nge-taqwa nenjongo.
"Inyanga ka-Allah"
Kuzo zonke iinyanga, uMuharram uphethe imbeko eyodwa — uMprofeti ﷺ wayinxulumanisa ngokuthe ngqo no-Allah:
"Ukuzila okulungileyo emva kwenyanga kaRamadan kukuzila kwenyanga ka-Allah, uMuharram."
(Sahih Muslim 1163)
Izifundiswa ziyaqaphela ukuba akukho nyanga yimbi eyanikwa esi sihloko — Shahrullah, "inyanga ka-Allah." Olu nxulumaniso luphawu lwesikhundla sayo esiphakamileyo, kwaye kungoko ukuzila okuzithandelayo kuMuharram kokona kuzila kunesidima ngaphandle kukaRamadan.
Usuku lwe-Ashura — Owe-10 kaMuharram
Isithsaba sikaMuharram lusuku lwe-Ashura, usuku lweshumi lwenyanga. Ukuzila kwalo kokona kunomvuzo omkhulu ikholwa elinokukunikela kuwo wonke unyaka.
Xa uMprofeti ﷺ wafika eMadina, wafumanisa amaYuda ezila nge-Ashura. Wababuza ukuba kutheni, baza baphendula ukuba yayilusuku uAllah asindisa ngalo uMusa (uMoses) nabaNtwana bakaSirayeli kuFaro, ngoko uMusa wazila ngombulelo. UMprofeti ﷺ wathi:
"Thina sinelungelo elingakumbi kuMusa kunani," waza wazila kwaye wayalela abantu ukuba bazile.
(Sahih al-Bukhari 2004 · Sahih Muslim 1130)
Umvuzo wokuzila olu suku lunye mkhulu:
UMprofeti ﷺ wabuzwa ngokuzila uSuku lwe-Ashura, waza wathi: "Kucima izono zonyaka ophelileyo."
(Sahih Muslim 1162)
Usuku olunye lokuzila — kwaye unyaka wezono ezincinane ucocwe wacoceka. Zimbalwa izenzo zonqulo ezinikela umvuzo omkhulu kangaka ngento encinane kangaka.
Zila NoTasu'a — Owe-9 kaMuharram
Kunyaka wokugqibela wobomi bakhe, uMprofeti ﷺ wachaza injongo yakhe yokwahlula ukuzila kwamaSilamsi kokwaBantu beNcwadi ngokuzila usuku lwesithoba nalo:
"Ukuba ndiphila ndide ndifike kunyaka ozayo, ndiya kuzila usuku lwesithoba [nalo]."
(Sahih Muslim 1134)
Washiya eli hlabathi phambi koMuharram olandelayo, kodwa injongo yakhe yaba yiSunnah. Ngoko isenzo esicetyisiweyo kukuzila zombini owe-9 nowe-10 (uTasu'a ne-Ashura). Ukuba umntu unako kuphela ukuzila usuku olunye, owe-10 wodwa usaphethe umvuzo opheleleyo wokucima izono zonyaka ophelileyo.
Amanqanaba Amathathu Okuzila i-Ashura
Izifundiswa, kubandakanya uIbn al-Qayyim (wanga uAllah angaba nenceba kuye), zachaza amanqanaba amathathu okupheleleyo:
- Okona kulungileyo: Zila owe-9, owe-10, nowe-11 kaMuharram.
- Okulungileyo: Zila owe-9 nowe-10.
- Okwamkelekayo: Zila owe-10 wodwa.
Unyaka Omtsha wamaSilamsi
Usuku lokuqala lukaMuharram luphawula ukuqala kwekhalenda yeHijri (yamaSilamsi). Le khalenda ibalwa kungekhona ukususela kwidabi okanye ekuthweseni isithsaba, kodwa ukususela kwi-Hijrah — ukufuduka koMprofeti ﷺ ukusuka eMakkah ukuya eMadina. YayinguUmar ibn al-Khattab (wanga uAllah angakholiseka nguye), owathi, ngokubonisana namaQabane, wamisela iHijrah njengendawo yokuqala yexesha lamaSilamsi — inkcazo enamandla yokuba imbali yethu ijikeleza kwixesha apho ukholo lwafumana ikhaya khona.
Akukho senzo sithile sonqulo uMprofeti ﷺ asimiselayo ngobusuku okanye ngemini yonyaka omtsha — akukho mthandazo okhethekileyo, akukho mbhiyozo. Kunoko, ikholwa liwamkela ngendlela ekufuneka wonke umhla wamkelwe ngayo: ngombulelo, injongo enyanisekileyo, nokuzimisela ukusondela ku-Allah. Utshintsho lonyaka lixesha elifanelekileyo lokuma, uzihlole, uze ulungise intliziyo kwiinyanga ezizayo.
UUmar ibn al-Khattab (wanga uAllah angakholiseka nguye) wathi: "Zihloleni ngaphambi kokuba nihlolwe, nize nilinganise izenzo zenu ngaphambi kokuba zilinganiselwe nina."
Yintoni Omawenze kuMuharram
- Zila i-Ashura (owe-10) — noTasu'a (owe-9) nayo. Esona senzo sigxininisiweyo senyanga.
- Yandisa ukuzila okuzithandelayo kuyo yonke inyanga — "kokona kuzila kulungileyo emva kukaRamadan."
- Qala unyaka ngenguquko enyanisekileyo (tawbah) nenjongo ehlaziyiweyo yokuthobela uAllah.
- Zilinde kwisono — ubugwenxa kwinyanga engcwele bunzima ngakumbi.
- Yandisa i-dhikr, iQuran, isisa, ne-dua njengoko unyaka uqala.
- Zihlole — camngca ngonyaka odlulileyo uze umisele iinjongo zonyaka ozayo.
Isiqalo Esihle
UMuharram unikela ikholwa idibaniso elinqabileyo: imbeko yenyanga engcwele, umvuzo omkhulu wokuzila i-Ashura, nephepha elitsha lonyaka omtsha. Lixesha lokungena kunyaka ngentliziyo ecocekileyo, injongo ecacileyo, nethemba kwinceba ka-Allah.
Njengoko omnye unyaka uvala nomnye uvula, wanga uAllah angawenza unyaka ozayo ube ngowoxolelo, ukuzimasa, nokusondela kuYe — kwaye wanga angakwamkela ukuzila kwethu nenguquko yethu. Ameen.
Ikhalenda yamaSilamsi iqala ngeHijrah — ukufuduka okwatshintsha inkalo yembali. Funda ibali elipheleleyo nezifundo zalo ezingapheliyo: IHijrah — Ukufuduka Okwatshintsha Imbali.