Nyaka ngamnye, xa kufika inyanga yeRabi al-Awwal, kuphinda kuvele umbuzo omnye eziklasini, kunomathotholo, kumaqela eentsapho, nakubamelwane abangengomaMuslim. Wayengubani lo mntu?
Ngumbuzo ofanelekileyo, yaye eli nqaku lizama ukuwuphendula ngendlela elula. Lichaza lo mntu njengoko imithombo yakudala negcinwe kakuhle imchaza: oko wakuthethayo, indlela awayephila ngayo, nendlela awayebaphatha ngayo abo babemlandela nabo babemchasa.
Akukho mntu mnye e-Islam othandwa ngaphezu koMprofeti uMuhammad ﷺ. AmaMuslim asho igama lakhe izigidi zezihlandlo ngemini, lisoloko lilandelwa ngumthandazo woxolo phezu kwakhe (intsingiselo yophawu ﷺ). Kanti ukuqonda i-Islam, umntu kufuneka amqonde, kungekhona umzobo ohlekisayo, kodwa indoda njengoko amaMuslim ayazi: uMthunywa wokugqibela kaThixo, nenceba eyathunyelwa kuyo yonke indalo.
Inkedama YaseMakkah
UMuhammad ﷺ wazalelwa esixekweni saseMakkah, e-Arabia, malunga nonyaka we-570 CE. Uyise wasweleka ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwakhe, nonina xa wayeneminyaka emithandathu kuphela, emshiya eyinkedama eyakhuliswa okokuqala nguyisemkhulu, waza wakhuliswa ngumalume wakhe. Akazange afunde ukufunda okanye ukubhala.
Kudala phambi kokuba afumane naliphi na isityhilelo, abantu baseMakkah, uluntu olwaluzele ukunqula izithixo, iimfazwe zezizwe, nokungabikho kobulungisa, babemazi ngegama eliphawulekayo: Al-Amīn, "Othembekileyo." Nkqu neentshaba zakhe zexesha elizayo zazimthemba ngezinto zazo ezixabisekileyo, kuba ukunyaniseka kwakhe kwakungathandabuzeki. (Ibn Hisham, As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah; Al-Mubarakpuri, Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum) Eli gama lokuthembeka, elakheka kwiminyaka engamashumi amane, liyinxalenye yobungqina bokunyaniseka kwakhe: umntu ongazange afunyanwe exoka phakathi kwabantu bakowabo akazange asuke aqale ukuxoka ngoThixo.
Isityhilelo Sokuqala
Xa wayeneminyaka engamashumi amane, ecamngca yedwa kuMqolomba weHirā' ngaphandle kweMakkah, uMuhammad ﷺ wafumana amagama okuqala eQur'an ngengelosi uGabriyeli. Umyalelo wokuqala owatyhilwa kwindoda engafundanga wawusisimemo solwazi:
"Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created- Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood: Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- He Who taught (the use of) the pen,- Taught man that which he knew not."
(Surah Al-'Alaq, 96:1–5)
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesithathu elandelayo, isityhilelo saqhubeka, kwaye uMuhammad ﷺ wabiza abantu bakhe besuka ekunquleni izithixo besiya kuThixo omnye wenene. Wahlangatyezwa okokuqala ngokuhlekwa, kwaza kwaba yintshutshiso, ukuvinjelwa, ekugqibeleni imizamo yokubulala ubomi bakhe, kanti akazange athandabuze, kwaye akazange abuyisele ubukhohlakali ngobukhohlakali.
Ukufuduka Noluntu Lokuqala LwamaMuslim
Xa intshutshiso eMakkah yayingasanyamezeleki, uMprofeti ﷺ nabalandeli bakhe bafudukela esixekweni saseMadina ngo-622 CE, isiganeko esibaluleke kangangokuba siphawula ukuqala kwekhalenda yamaMuslim. Apho, wamisela uluntu lokuqala lwamaMuslim: uluntu olubotshelelwe kungekhona ngesizwe okanye ngobuhlanga, kodwa ngokholo; indawo apho iintshaba zangaphambili zaba ngabazalwana, apho amahlwempu ayondliwa, kwaye apho ubulungisa babulawulwa ngaphandle kokukhetha.
Phakathi kwesizukulwana esinye, indoda eyayigxothiwe ekhaya layo yabuyela eMakkah izoyisa, kwaye, ngemini yamandla ayo amakhulu, yaxolela kanye abantu ababeyithuthumbisile bayigxotha. Le nceba ngexesha loloyiso ngomnye wemifanekiso echaza ubomi bakhe.
UMprofeti Wokugqibela
UMuhammad ﷺ wayengenguye umsunguli wenkolo entsha, kodwa owokugqibela kuluhlu olude lwabaprofeti, utywina olugqibelelisa umyalezo owaqala nge-Adam owathwalwa ngu-Abraham, uMoses, noYesu (uxolo malube phezu kwabo bonke).
"Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but (he is) the Messenger of Allah, and the Seal of the Prophets: and Allah has full knowledge of all things."
(Surah Al-Ahzab, 33:40)
Kwaye umsebenzi wakhe wawungewona owama-Arabhu wodwa, nkqu nowamaMuslim wodwa, kodwa owabo bonke abantu, enyanisweni, owayo yonke indalo:
"We sent thee not, but as a Mercy for all creatures."
(Surah Al-Anbiya, 21:107)
Isimilo Esingafaniyo Nesinye
Xa indoda yaya kumfazi wakhe u-'A'ishah (wanga uAllah ﷻ angakholiseka nguye) imcela ukuba achaze isimilo sakhe, akazange aqale ngoluhlu. Wayiphendula ngombuzo:
I said: Mother of the Faithful, tell me about the character of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). She said: Don't you read the Qur'an? I said: Yes. Upon this she said: The character of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was the Qur'an.
(Sahih Muslim 746a, Book 6, Hadith 168)
Wayechaza ukuba isimilo sakhe asinakwahlulwa kwincwadi awayeyizisile. Oko wayekushumayela yayikoko wayephila ngako. UThixo ngokwakhe wangqina ngesimilo sakhe kwiQur'an:
"And thou (standest) on an exalted standard of character."
(Surah Al-Qalam, 68:4)
Washwankathela injongo yobomi bakhe ngesivakalisi esinye:
"I was sent to perfect good character."
(Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 273, Book 14, Hadith 273; Sahih, Al-Albani, Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Sahihah 45)
Wayezilungisela iimpahla zakhe, asenge iibhokhwe zakhe, adlale nabantwana, akhulule amakhoboka, ahloniphe abasetyhini ngexesha ababengcwatywa bephila, waza wathi ngomtshato: "The best of you is the best to his wives, and I am the best of you to my wives" (Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3895, Sahih). Wayekwalela inkohlakalo nkqu nakwizilwanyana, yaye wafundisa ukuba umfazi wangena esihogweni ngenxa yokulambisa ikati (Sahih al-Bukhari 3318; Sahih Muslim 2242), ngoxa omnye waxolelwa ngenxa yokuseza inja eyayinxaniwe. (Sahih al-Bukhari 3467; Sahih Muslim 2245)
Kutheni AmaMuslim Emlandela
KumaMuslim, uMprofeti ﷺ akangoThixo kwaye akaze anqulwe, unqulo lolukaThixo yedwa. Kunoko, ungumzekelo opheleleyo womntu wokuphila ngokuzinikela kuThixo. IQur'an yenza ukumlandela uphawu lokuthanda uThixo ngokwenene:
"Say: "If ye do love Allah, Follow me: Allah will love you and forgive you your sins: For Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.""
(Surah Aal 'Imran, 3:31)
Iimfundiso nomzekelo wakhe, i-Sunnah yakhe, zakha umthombo wesibini omkhulu we-Islam ecaleni kweQur'an, zibonisa amaMuslim indlela yokuguqula inkolelo ibe bubomi bemihla ngemihla: indlela yokuthandaza, yokuphatha abamelwane, yokurhweba ngokunyaniseka, neyokuziphatha ngesidima nangenceba.
Yintoni Awayeyicela Ebantwini?
Umyalezo wakhe wawugxile koku: kukho uThixo omnye, nqulani Yena yedwa, yaye uthumele abathunywa kubo bonke abantu. Konke okunye, umthandazo, ukunceda abasweleyo, ukuzila ukutya, ukunyaniseka kurhwebo, nobubele kubazali, kwakulandela koku.
Wayegxininisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo naphambi kwabantu ukuba yena ungumntu:
"Say: "I am but a man like yourselves, (but) the inspiration has come to me, that your Allah is one Allah: whoever expects to meet his Lord, let him work righteousness, and, in the worship of his Lord, admit no one as partner."
(Surah Al-Kahf, 18:110)
Ngenxa yoko, amaMuslim alandela uMprofeti uMuhammad ﷺ kodwa akamnquli. Ezinye iincwadi zakudala zesiNgesi zazibiza amaMuslim ngegama elithatyathwe kwigama likaMuhammad, ngenxa yokungayiqondi le ngongoma. E-Islam unqulo lolukaThixo yedwa, yaye le mfundiso isisiseko somyalezo owaziswa nguMprofeti ﷺ.
Sazi Njani Ukuba Wayengumntu Onjani?
Kuyaqondakala ukuba abantu babuze ukuba singasazi njani isimilo somntu owasweleka ngo-632 CE.
Impendulo kukuba uluntu lwakhe lwawathatha amazwi akhe njengento ekufuneka igcinwe ngokuchanekileyo. Iingxelo zoko wakuthethayo noko wakwenzayo zazidluliselwa kunye namagama abantu ababezibalisa, ukuba ngubani owayezive kubani nangowuphi unyaka. Izifundiswa zamva zakha icandelo lemfundo elalihlola la makhonkco: inkumbulo, ukunyaniseka, neminyaka yobomi bombalisi ngamnye.
Kungoko i-hadith iba nesigaba esichaza ukuthembeka kwayo, yaye kungoko eli nqaku lisikhankanya. Kungoko nombhali ongumMuslim echaza ingxelo njenge-hasan endaweni yokuthi sahih xa eso sisigaba sayo. Le nkqubo yayenzelwe ukuwubonisa loo mahluko, kungekhona ukuwufihla.
Oko Wayekufundisa Ngobuhlanga
Kunyaka wakhe wokugqibela, kwintshumayelo yakhe yokuvalelisa, waxelela abahambi ababebuthene: "There is no virtue of an Arab over a foreigner, nor a foreigner over an Arab, and neither white over black nor black over white, except by righteousness." (Shu'ab al-Iman 5137, ebaliswe ngu-Jabir ibn 'Abdullah — Sahih li ghayrihi, Al-Albani) Oku kunceda ukucacisa ukhetho awayelwenzile kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambili.
Indoda ayikhethayo ukubiza i-adhan yokuqala, ukuma ibize uluntu lonke ukuze luthandaze, kahlanu ngemini, ngelizwi elakuviwa ngabo bonke, yayinguBilaal ibn Rabah, umntu ovela e-Afrika owayekhotyokisiwe kwaye etshutshiswe eMakkah ngokwala ukulahla ukholo lwakhe. Kuluntu olwalucwangciswe ngokuzalwa, uMprofeti ﷺ wanika indima ebonakala kakhulu eluntwini ikhoboka elimnyama elikhululiweyo.
Kuluntu olwalubeka abantu ngokuzalwa, uMprofeti ﷺ wanika indima ebonakala kakhulu eluntwini indoda eyayikhe yakhotyokiswa. Wafundisa ukulingana ngamazwi, kwaye wakubonisa ngezenzo. Abafundi baseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye naphi na apho abantu behlulahlulwe ngokuzalwa okanye ibala, banokufumanisa olo khetho luthetha kubo ngokuthe ngqo.
Kutheni AmaMuslim Ethemba I-Sunnah
Kuvela umbuzo oqhelekileyo: ukuba iintetho nezenzo zoMprofeti ﷺ ngumthombo wesikhokelo, amaMuslim anokuqiniseka njani ngoko awayekutsho ngokwenene, kumakhulu alishumi elinesine eminyaka kamva? Impendulo ikwenye yeenkqubo ezingqongqo zokuqinisekisa imbali ihlabathi lamandulo elayivelisayo.
Iintetho zoMprofeti ﷺ (ii-hadith) zagcinwa ngocoselelo enkumbulweni ngamaqabane akhe, zabhalwa phantsi, kwaye zadluliselwa ngamakhonkco abhaliweyo okubalisa (isnad), ingxelo nganye ilandelelwa, umbalisi ngombalisi, ide ifikelele kwingqina elabonayo. Izizukulwana zezifundiswa zamaMuslim zaza zawahlola ngokungqongqo la makhonkco, ziphonononga inkumbulo, ubunyaniso, nobomi bombalisi ngamnye, zize zibeke ingxelo nganye njengeqinisekisiweyo, ebuthathaka, okanye eqanjiweyo. Kwaqokelelwa iincwadi ezinkulu ngobomi bababalisi ngenxa yale njongo.
Kungoko kungamkelwa yonke intetho ebalelwa kuMprofeti ﷺ. Iingqokelela ezithenjwa kakhulu, ezinjenge-Sahih al-Bukhari ne-Sahih Muslim, zibhala kuphela iingxelo ezidlule olu vavanyo lungqongqo. Yinzululwazi yokuqinisekisa engenakuthelekiswa nokuncinci embalini yoluntu, kwaye sisizathu sokuba amaMuslim athethe ngokuzithemba ngendlela uMprofeti ﷺ awayephila, ethandaza, efundisa ngayo.
Imithombo Esetyenzisiweyo
- IQur'an: 96:1–5, 33:40, 21:107, 68:4, 3:31 no-18:110. Iingcaphuno zithathwe kwinguqulelo ka-Abdullah Yusuf Ali efumaneka ku-quran.com.
- Sahih Muslim 746a (u-'A'ishah echaza isimilo soMprofeti ﷺ); Al-Adab Al-Mufrad 273 (Sahih, Al-Albani); Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3895 (Sahih); Sahih al-Bukhari 3318 & 3467, Sahih Muslim 2242 & 2245 (ikati nenja); Shu'ab al-Iman 5137 (Sahih li ghayrihi, Al-Albani — intshumayelo yokuvalelisa ngobuhlanga).
- Ibn Hisham, As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah no-Al-Mubarakpuri, Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum: imbali yobomi bakhe (u-Al-Amīn, ukufuduka, nokoyiswa kweMakkah).
Qhubeka Ngohambo Lwakho
Inxalenye ye-Sikhokelo Esipheleleyo Sokuqonda I-Islam.